81 lines
3.8 KiB
Markdown
81 lines
3.8 KiB
Markdown
+++
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title = "Force Sensors"
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author = ["Thomas Dehaeze"]
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draft = false
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+++
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Tags
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: [Signal Conditioner]({{< relref "signal_conditioner" >}}), [Modal Analysis]({{< relref "modal_analysis" >}})
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## Technologies {#technologies}
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There are two main technique for force sensors:
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- piezoelectric technology
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- strain gauge technology
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The choice between the two is usually based on whether the measurement is static (strain gauge) or dynamics (piezoelectric).
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Main differences between the two are shown in Figure [1](#org921c881).
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<a id="org921c881"></a>
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/force_sensor_piezo_vs_strain_gauge.png" caption="Figure 1: Piezoelectric Force sensor VS Strain Gauge Force sensor" >}}
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## Piezoelectric Force Sensors {#piezoelectric-force-sensors}
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### Dynamics and Noise of a piezoelectric force sensor {#dynamics-and-noise-of-a-piezoelectric-force-sensor}
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An analysis the dynamics and noise of a piezoelectric force sensor is done in ([Fleming 2010](#org26fffc0)) ([Notes]({{< relref "fleming10_nanop_system_with_force_feedb" >}})).
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### Manufacturers {#manufacturers}
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| Manufacturers | Country |
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|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
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| [PCB](https://www.pcb.com/products/productfinder.aspx?tx=17) | USA |
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| [HBM](https://www.hbm.com/en/6107/force-sensors-with-flange-mounting/) | Germany |
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| [Kistler](https://www.kistler.com/fr/produits/composants/capteurs-de-force/?pfv%5Fmetrics=metric) | Swiss |
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| [MMF](https://www.mmf.de/force%5Ftransducers.htm) | Germany |
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| [Sinocera](http://www.china-yec.net/sensors/) | China |
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### Signal Conditioner {#signal-conditioner}
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The voltage generated by the piezoelectric material generally needs to be amplified using a [Signal Conditioner]({{< relref "signal_conditioner" >}}).
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Either **charge** amplifiers or **voltage** amplifiers can be used.
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### Effect of using multiple Stacks in series of parallels {#effect-of-using-multiple-stacks-in-series-of-parallels}
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If two stack are wired in series, the generated charge is kept constant and the capacitance is reduced by a factor 2.
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Thus, the measured voltage is double while the measured charge is kept constant.
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If two stacks are wired in parallel, the capacitance and the number of charge will be doubled.
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Thus, if a voltage amplifier is used, no change of voltage will be experienced.
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However, if a charge conditioner is used, the signal will be doubled.
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## Strain Gauge (Load Cells) {#strain-gauge--load-cells}
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### Manufacturers {#manufacturers}
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| Manufacturers | Country |
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|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
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| [Sensel](https://www.sensel-measurement.fr/en/3-load-cell) | France |
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| [Omega](https://www.omega.com/en-us/resources/load-cells) | United Kingdom |
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| [Megatron](https://www.megatron.de/en/category/load-cells.html) | Germany |
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| [PCB](https://www.pcb.com/products/product-finder?tx=19) | USA |
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| [Interface](https://quickship.interfaceforce.com/product-category/load-cells/) | USA |
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| [Althen](https://www.althensensors.com/sensors/weighing-sensors-load-cells/) | Netherlands |
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## Bibliography {#bibliography}
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<a id="org26fffc0"></a>Fleming, A.J. 2010. “Nanopositioning System with Force Feedback for High-Performance Tracking and Vibration Control.” _IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics_ 15 (3):433–47. <https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2009.2028422>.
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