Update Content - 2021-09-22
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Here are some notes on the literature about the isotropy of parallel manipulators.
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## ([Tsai and Huang 2003](#org838fed0)) {#tsai-and-huang-2003--org838fed0}
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## ([Tsai and Huang 2003](#org0724ed5)) {#tsai-and-huang-2003--org0724ed5}
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## ([Fassi, Legnani, and Tosi 2005](#org2487ba1)) {#fassi-legnani-and-tosi-2005--org2487ba1}
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## ([Fassi, Legnani, and Tosi 2005](#orgd63d03a)) {#fassi-legnani-and-tosi-2005--orgd63d03a}
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## ([Bandyopadhyay and Ghosal 2008](#org89a27d1)) {#bandyopadhyay-and-ghosal-2008--org89a27d1}
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## ([Bandyopadhyay and Ghosal 2008](#orgf824a14)) {#bandyopadhyay-and-ghosal-2008--orgf824a14}
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Uses `mathematica` to inverse analytical Jacobian matrix and obtain conditions for isotropy.
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## ([Legnani et al. 2010](#orgbf26550)) {#legnani-et-al-dot-2010--orgbf26550}
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## ([Legnani et al. 2010](#org513282b)) {#legnani-et-al-dot-2010--org513282b}
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### Abstract {#abstract}
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@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Then conditions are given to find an isotropic TCP.
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Conditions can be applied to the Stewart platform and isotropy points can be found.
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## ([Tong et al. 2011](#org0e02b02)) {#tong-et-al-dot-2011--org0e02b02}
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## ([Tong et al. 2011](#org6ea337f)) {#tong-et-al-dot-2011--org6ea337f}
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A parallel manipulator consists of a movable platform, a fixed base, and six struts, each with a linear actuator.
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The struts are partitioned into two groups: the first group with strut 1,3,5 and the second group with strut 2,4,6.
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@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ The attached points of each strut are uniformly spaced on the circumferences of
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The three struts in each group are rotational symmetry and repeat every 120 deg.
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This parallel manipulator with this kind of configurations are defined as generalized symmetric Gough-Stewart parallel manipulators (GSGSPMs).
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<a id="orgc9be46b"></a>
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<a id="orgf6e6061"></a>
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/tong11_architecture_gsgspm.png" caption="Figure 1: Architecture of a GSGSPM" >}}
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@@ -131,60 +131,79 @@ A compliance center exists consequentially for any GSGSPMs.
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At the compliance center, a GSGSPM is uncoupled.
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## ([Legnani et al. 2012](#org1e949d1)) {#legnani-et-al-dot-2012--org1e949d1}
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## ([Legnani et al. 2012](#org0747a45)) {#legnani-et-al-dot-2012--org0747a45}
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A manipulator is called partially of totally decoupled if the general movements of the robot can be subdivided in elementary tasks, each actuated by one or a group of actuators.
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Decoupling may be referred to the end effector coordinate or to local kinetostatic properties related to the Jacobian.
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- Total decoupling occurs when the Jacobian is diagonal
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- Partial decoupling is when the Jacobian is triangular
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- Block decoupling is when the Jacobian is block diagonal
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<a id="org0738057"></a>
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/legnani12_isotropic_pkm.png" caption="Figure 2: An isotropic PKM" >}}
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<summary>
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The paper discusses the concepts of isotropy and decoupling in n-DoF PKM.
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The role of different Jacobian matrices in the isotropy, decoupling and in general mobility analysis of manipulators is recalled.
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It is highlighted how isotropy and decoupling may be achieved for pure translational manipulators in the whole workspace while rotational manipulators maybe decoupling in only one configuration.
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</summary>
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## ([Ding et al. 2014](#org1fe4a1a)) {#ding-et-al-dot-2014--org1fe4a1a}
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## ([Ding et al. 2014](#orgbeecf44)) {#ding-et-al-dot-2014--orgbeecf44}
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## ([Wu et al. 2018](#org7f6b447)) {#wu-et-al-dot-2018--org7f6b447}
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## ([Wu et al. 2018](#orgcb2f4d0)) {#wu-et-al-dot-2018--orgcb2f4d0}
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> Isotropy => J\*J' = a\*I
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Isotropy => J\*J' = a\*I
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<!--quoteend-->
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- Stiffness isotropy = static isotropy
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- velocity isotropy = kinematic isotropy
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> - Stiffness isotropy = static isotropy
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> - velocity isotropy = kinematic isotropy
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They also proved that the symmetric generalized Stewart platform at a neutral position could be fully decoupled by adjusting the payload's center of mass to coincide with its **compliance center**. ([Tong et al. 2011](#org6ea337f))
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<!--quoteend-->
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Dynamic isotropy => same resonance frequency for all suspension modes.
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> They also proved that the symmetric generalized Stewart platform at a neutral position could be fully decoupled by adjusting the payload's center of mass to coincide with its **compliance center**. ([Tong et al. 2011](#org0e02b02))
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<a id="org171ed4c"></a>
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<!--quoteend-->
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> Dynamic isotropy => same resonance frequency for all suspension modes
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/wu18_stewart_picture.png" caption="Figure 3: Optimized Stewart platform" >}}
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## ([Zhou et al. 2019](#org1f33e66)) {#zhou-et-al-dot-2019--org1f33e66}
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## ([Yang et al. 2020](#orgda6537c)) {#yang-et-al-dot-2020--orgda6537c}
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<summary>
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This paper proposes a novel concept, namely _isotropic control_ to solve the problem of having identical performance in all DoF.
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Dynamic equations of parallel mechanisms with base excitation are established and analyzed.
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An isotropic control framework is then synthesized in modal space.
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The multi-DoF system is transformed into multi identical single-DoF systems.
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Under the framework of isotropic control, parallel mechanisms obtain an identical frequency response for all modes.
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An identical corner frequency, active damping, and rate of low-frequency transmissibility are achieved for all modes.
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</summary>
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## ([Yang et al. 2020](#orgfee3e89)) {#yang-et-al-dot-2020--orgfee3e89}
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## ([Kang et al. 2020](#org0ed4d48)) {#kang-et-al-dot-2020--org0ed4d48}
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## ([Kang et al. 2020](#org460918c)) {#kang-et-al-dot-2020--org460918c}
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## Bibliography {#bibliography}
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<a id="org89a27d1"></a>Bandyopadhyay, Sandipan, and Ashitava Ghosal. 2008. “An Algebraic Formulation of Kinematic Isotropy and Design of Isotropic 6-6 Stewart Platform Manipulators.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 43 (5):591–616. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.05.003>.
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<a id="orgf824a14"></a>Bandyopadhyay, Sandipan, and Ashitava Ghosal. 2008. “An Algebraic Formulation of Kinematic Isotropy and Design of Isotropic 6-6 Stewart Platform Manipulators.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 43 (5):591–616. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.05.003>.
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<a id="org1fe4a1a"></a>Ding, Boyin, Benjamin S. Cazzolato, Richard M. Stanley, Steven Grainger, and John J. Costi. 2014. “Stiffness Analysis and Control of a Stewart Platform-Based Manipulator with Decoupled Sensor-Actuator Locations for Ultrahigh Accuracy Positioning under Large External Loads.” _Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control_ 136 (6):nil. <https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4027945>.
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<a id="orgbeecf44"></a>Ding, Boyin, Benjamin S. Cazzolato, Richard M. Stanley, Steven Grainger, and John J. Costi. 2014. “Stiffness Analysis and Control of a Stewart Platform-Based Manipulator with Decoupled Sensor-Actuator Locations for Ultrahigh Accuracy Positioning under Large External Loads.” _Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control_ 136 (6):nil. <https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4027945>.
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<a id="org2487ba1"></a>Fassi, Irene, Giovanni Legnani, and Diego Tosi. 2005. “Geometrical Conditions for the Design of Partial or Full Isotropic Hexapods.” _Journal of Robotic Systems_ 22 (10):507–18. <https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.20074>.
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<a id="orgd63d03a"></a>Fassi, Irene, Giovanni Legnani, and Diego Tosi. 2005. “Geometrical Conditions for the Design of Partial or Full Isotropic Hexapods.” _Journal of Robotic Systems_ 22 (10):507–18. <https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.20074>.
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<a id="org0ed4d48"></a>Kang, Shengzheng, Hongtao Wu, Shengdong Yu, Yao Li, Xiaolong Yang, and Jiafeng Yao. 2020. “Modeling and Control of a Six-Axis Parallel Piezo-Flexural Micropositioning Stage with Cross-Coupling Hysteresis Nonlinearities.” In _2020 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)_, 1350–55. IEEE.
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<a id="org460918c"></a>Kang, Shengzheng, Hongtao Wu, Shengdong Yu, Yao Li, Xiaolong Yang, and Jiafeng Yao. 2020. “Modeling and Control of a Six-Axis Parallel Piezo-Flexural Micropositioning Stage with Cross-Coupling Hysteresis Nonlinearities.” In _2020 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)_, 1350–55. IEEE.
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<a id="org1e949d1"></a>Legnani, G., I. Fassi, H. Giberti, S. Cinquemani, and D. Tosi. 2012. “A New Isotropic and Decoupled 6-Dof Parallel Manipulator.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 58 (nil):64–81. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.07.008>.
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<a id="org0747a45"></a>Legnani, G., I. Fassi, H. Giberti, S. Cinquemani, and D. Tosi. 2012. “A New Isotropic and Decoupled 6-Dof Parallel Manipulator.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 58 (nil):64–81. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.07.008>.
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<a id="orgbf26550"></a>Legnani, Giovanni, D Tosi, I Fassi, Hermes Giberti, and Simone Cinquemani. 2010. “The ‘Point of Isotropy’ and Other Properties of Serial and Parallel Manipulators.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 45 (10). Elsevier:1407–23.
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<a id="org513282b"></a>Legnani, Giovanni, D Tosi, I Fassi, Hermes Giberti, and Simone Cinquemani. 2010. “The ‘Point of Isotropy’ and Other Properties of Serial and Parallel Manipulators.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 45 (10). Elsevier:1407–23.
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<a id="org0e02b02"></a>Tong, Zhizhong, Jingfeng He, Hongzhou Jiang, and Guangren Duan. 2011. “Optimal Design of a Class of Generalized Symmetric Gough-Stewart Parallel Manipulators with Dynamic Isotropy and Singularity-Free Workspace.” _Robotica_ 30 (2):305–14. <https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574711000531>.
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<a id="org6ea337f"></a>Tong, Zhizhong, Jingfeng He, Hongzhou Jiang, and Guangren Duan. 2011. “Optimal Design of a Class of Generalized Symmetric Gough-Stewart Parallel Manipulators with Dynamic Isotropy and Singularity-Free Workspace.” _Robotica_ 30 (2):305–14. <https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263574711000531>.
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<a id="org838fed0"></a>Tsai, K.Y., and K.D. Huang. 2003. “The Design of Isotropic 6-Dof Parallel Manipulators Using Isotropy Generators.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 38 (11):1199–1214. <https://doi.org/10.1016/s0094-114x(03)00067-3>.
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<a id="org0724ed5"></a>Tsai, K.Y., and K.D. Huang. 2003. “The Design of Isotropic 6-Dof Parallel Manipulators Using Isotropy Generators.” _Mechanism and Machine Theory_ 38 (11):1199–1214. <https://doi.org/10.1016/s0094-114x(03)00067-3>.
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<a id="org7f6b447"></a>Wu, Ying, Kaiping Yu, Jian Jiao, Dengqing Cao, Weichao Chi, and Jie Tang. 2018. “Dynamic Isotropy Design and Analysis of a Six-Dof Active Micro-Vibration Isolation Manipulator on Satellites.” _Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing_ 49 (nil):408–25. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2017.08.003>.
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<a id="orgcb2f4d0"></a>Wu, Ying, Kaiping Yu, Jian Jiao, Dengqing Cao, Weichao Chi, and Jie Tang. 2018. “Dynamic Isotropy Design and Analysis of a Six-Dof Active Micro-Vibration Isolation Manipulator on Satellites.” _Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing_ 49 (nil):408–25. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2017.08.003>.
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<a id="orgfee3e89"></a>Yang, Xiaolong, Hongtao Wu, Yao Li, Shengzheng Kang, Bai Chen, Huimin Lu, Carman K. M. Lee, and Ping Ji. 2020. “Dynamics and Isotropic Control of Parallel Mechanisms for Vibration Isolation.” _IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics_ 25 (4):2027–34. <https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2020.2996641>.
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<a id="org1f33e66"></a>Zhou, Songlin, Jing Sun, Weixing Chen, Wei Li, and Feng Gao. 2019. “Method of Designing a Six-Axis Force Sensor for Stiffness Decoupling Based on Stewart Platform.” _Measurement_ 148 (nil):106966. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.106966>.
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<a id="orgda6537c"></a>Yang, Xiaolong, Hongtao Wu, Yao Li, Shengzheng Kang, Bai Chen, Huimin Lu, Carman K. M. Lee, and Ping Ji. 2020. “Dynamics and Isotropic Control of Parallel Mechanisms for Vibration Isolation.” _IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics_ 25 (4):2027–34. <https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2020.2996641>.
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