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@ -53,9 +53,17 @@
In order to compile this document, just use the =latexmk= command.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(async-shell-argument "latexmk")
(defun my-compile-to-pdf ()
(interactive)
(org-latex-export-to-latex)
(save-window-excursion
(async-shell-command "latexmk")))
#+end_src
#+RESULTS:
: #<window 72 on *Async Shell Command*>
: #<window 64 on *Async Shell Command*>
* ABSTRACT :ignore:
#+BEGIN_abstract
With the growing number of fourth generation light sources, there is an increased need of fast positioning end-stations with nanometric precision.
@ -80,25 +88,28 @@ The presented development approach is foreseen to be applied more frequently to
** Locate a gap in the research / problem / question / prediction :ignore:
Such mechatronic approach is widely used in the dutch industry cite:rankers98_machin and much less in the Synchrotron's world.
** The present work :ignore:
cite:rankers98_machin
In this paper, is presented how the mechatronic approach is used for the development of a nano active stabilization system.
cite:dehaeze21_activ_dampin_rotat_platf_using
cite:souleille18_concep_activ_mount_space_applic
cite:brumund21_multib_simul_reduc_order_flexib_bodies_fea
cite:dehaeze18_sampl_stabil_for_tomog_exper
cite:schmidt20_desig_high_perfor_mechat_third_revis_edition
* NASS - MECHATRONIC APPROACH
** The ID31 Micro Station
The ID31 Micro Station is used to position samples along complex trajectories cite:dehaeze18_sampl_stabil_for_tomog_exper.
It is composed of several stacked stages (represented in yellow in Fig. ref:fig:nass_concept_schematic).
It is composed of several stacked stages (represented in yellow in Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:nass_concept_schematic).
This allows this station to have high mobility, however, this limits the position accuracy to tens of $\mu m$.
** The Nano Active Stabilization System
The Nano Active Stabilization System (NASS) is a system whose goal is to improve the positioning accuracy of the ID31 Micro Station.
It is represented in Fig. ref:fig:nass_concept_schematic and consists of three main elements:
It is represented in Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:nass_concept_schematic and consists of three main elements:
- a nano-hexapod located between the sample to be positioned and the micro-station.
- a interferometric metrology system measuring the sample's position with respect to the focusing optics
- a control system (not represented), which base on the measured position, properly actuates the nano-hexapod in order to stabilize the sample's position
@ -109,13 +120,16 @@ It is represented in Fig. ref:fig:nass_concept_schematic and consists of three m
[[file:figs/nass_concept_schematic.pdf]]
** Mechatronic Approach - Overview
In order to design the NASS in a predictive way, a mechatronic approach is used (schematically represented in Fig. ref:fig:nass_mechatronics_approach).
It consists of three main phases.
First the conceptual phase, where simple models and used, and the
In order to design the NASS in a predictive way, a mechatronic approach, schematically represented in Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:nass_mechatronics_approach, is used.
Once the concept is validated, the detail design phase
Finally, there is the experimental phase in which the nano-hexapod is mounted, and several test benches are used to confirm the behavior of each individual elements.
It consists of three main phases:
1. Conceptual phase: Simple models of both the micro-station and the nano-hexapod are used to first evaluate the performances of several concepts.
During this phase, the type of sensors to use and the approximate required dynamical characteristics of the nano-hexapod are determined.
2. Detail design phase: Once the concept is validated, the models are used to list specifications both for the mechanics and the instrumentation.
Each critical elements can then be properly designed.
The models are updated as the design progresses.
3. Experimental phase: Once the design is completed and the parts received, several test benches are used to verify the properties of the key elements.
Then the hexapod can be mounted and fully tested with the instrumentation and the control system.
#+name: fig:nass_mechatronics_approach
#+attr_latex: :float multicolumn :width \linewidth
@ -123,65 +137,69 @@ Finally, there is the experimental phase in which the nano-hexapod is mounted, a
[[file:figs/nass_mechatronics_approach.pdf]]
** Models
Several models are used throughout all the project.
At the beginning of the conceptual phase, simple "mass-spring-dampers" models (Figure ref:fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac) were used to gain some understanding of the trade-offs.
It has been concluded that a rather soft nano-hexapod
These models are very easy to use, and
Rapidly, a multi-body model (Figure ref:fig:nass_simscape_3d)
- represents the rotation ref to the paper
-
During the detail design phase, the nano-hexapod model can be easily updated by importing the 3D parts exported from the CAD software.
The key elements of the nano-hexapod such as the flexible joints and the APA are optimized using a Finite Element Software.
As the flexible modes of the system are what generally limit the controller bandwidth, they are important to model in order to understand which are problematic and which are to be maximized.
In order to do so, a "super-element" can be exported and imported in Simscape (Figure ref:fig:super_element_simscape)
- [ ] Table that compares the three models in terms of:
- time simulation
- FRF
- accuracy
- easy to use
During the experimental phase, the models are refined using the measurements.
The models are stiff very useful to understand the measurements and the associated limitations.
They are used to have a better insight on which measures to take in order to overcome the current limitations.
For instance, it has been found that when fixing encoders to the struts (Figure ref:fig:nano_hexapod_elements), several flexible modes of the APA were appearing the dynamics which render the control using the encoders very complex.
Therefore, an alternative configuration with the encoders fixed to the plates instead was used.
As shown in Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:nass_mechatronics_approach, the models are at the core of the mechatronic approach.
Not only one, but several models are used throughout the design with increasing level of complexity (Fig.\nbsp{fig:nass_models}).
#+begin_export latex
\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.25\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{figs/mass_spring_damper_hac_lac.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac} Mass Spring Damper model}
\includegraphics[width=0.68\linewidth]{figs/mass_spring_damper_hac_lac.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac} Mass Spring Damper Model}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.48\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{figs/nass_simscape_3d.png}
\caption{\label{fig:nass_simscape_3d} Multi Body model}
\includegraphics[width=0.89\linewidth]{figs/nass_simscape_3d.png}
\caption{\label{fig:nass_simscape_3d} Multi Body Model}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.25\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{figs/super_element_simscape_alt.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.93\linewidth]{figs/super_element_simscape_alt.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:super_element_simscape} Finite Element Model}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\caption{\label{fig:nass_models}Models used during all the design process. From (\subref{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac}), (\subref{fig:nass_simscape_3d}), (\subref{fig:super_element_simscape})}
\caption{\label{fig:nass_models}Schematic of several models used during all the mechatronic design process.}
\centering
\end{figure*}
#+end_export
At the beginning of the conceptual phase, simple "mass-spring-dampers" models (Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac) are used in order to evaluate the performances of different concepts.
Based on this model, it has been concluded that a nano-hexapod with low frequency "suspension" modes would help both for the reduction of the effects of several disturbances and for the decoupling between the nano-hexapod dynamics and the complex micro-station dynamics.
This will greatly help simplifying the control.
# Say that HAC-LAC is tested with the model => should include force sensor
Rapidly, a more sophisticated multi-body model (Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:nass_simscape_3d) has been used.
This model is based on the 3D representation of the micro-station as well as on extensive dynamical measurements.
Time domain simulations can then be performed where each stage is moving with the associated positioning errors and disturbances.
The multi-input multi-output control strategy can be developed and tested.
During the detail design phase, the nano-hexapod model is updated by importing the 3D parts exported from the CAD software.
The key elements of the nano-hexapod such as the flexible joints and the APA are optimized using a Finite Element Software.
As the flexible modes of the system are what generally limit the controller bandwidth, they are important to model in order to understand which are problematic and which are to be maximized.
In order to do so, a "super-element" can be exported and imported in Simscape (Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:super_element_simscape).
Such process is described in cite:brumund21_multib_simul_reduc_order_flexib_bodies_fea.
# - [ ] Table that compares the three models in terms of:
# - time simulation
# - FRF
# - accuracy
# - easy to use
Finally, during the experimental phase, the models are refined using experimental system identification.
The models are still very useful to understand the measurements and the associated performance limitations.
They are used to have a better insight on which measures to take in order to overcome the current limitations.
For instance, it has been found that when fixing encoders to the struts (Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:nano_hexapod_elements), several flexible modes of the APA were appearing the dynamics which render the control using the encoders very complex.
Therefore, an alternative configuration with the encoders fixed to the plates instead was used.
* NANO-HEXAPOD DESIGN
** Nano-Hexapod Specifications
A CAD view of the nano-hexapod is shown in Figure ref:fig:nano_hexapod_elements.
A CAD view of the nano-hexapod is shown in Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:nano_hexapod_elements.
It is composed of 6 struts fixed in between two plates.
Each strut is composed of one flexible joints at each end, and one actuator (Figure ref:fig:picture_nano_hexapod_strut).
Each strut is composed of one flexible joints at each end, and one actuator (Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:picture_nano_hexapod_strut).
).
And encoder can be fixed to the struts as shown, but can also be directly fixed to the plates (not represented here).
@ -220,7 +238,7 @@ Three stacks: two as actuator one as sensor
#+name: fig:nano_hexapod_picture
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
#+caption: Picture of the Nano-Hexapod on top of the ID31 micro-station
#+caption: Nano-Hexapod on top of the ID31 micro-station
[[file:figs/nano_hexapod_picture.jpg]]
* TEST-BENCHES
@ -230,13 +248,13 @@ Several test benches were used for all the critical elements of the nano-hexapod
For instant, the bending stiffness of the flexible joints are measured, and the model is refined.
The measurement noise of the encoders are also measured, and the input/output relationship and the output voltage noise of the voltage amplifiers are measured.
Perhaps the most important test bench was the one used to identify the dynamics of the amplified piezoelectric actuator (shown in Figure ref:fig:test_bench_apa_schematic).
Perhaps the most important test bench was the one used to identify the dynamics of the amplified piezoelectric actuator (shown in Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:test_bench_apa_schematic).
It consist of a $5\,\text{kg}$ granite vertical guided with an air bearing and fixed on top of the APA.
An excitation signal (low pass filtered white noise) is generated and applied to two of the piezoelectric stacks.
Both the voltage generated by the third piezoelectric stack and the displacement measured by the encoder are recorded.
The two obtained FRF can then be compared with the model and the piezoelectric constant are identified.
These constants are used to do the conversion from the mechanical domain (force, strain) easily accessible on the model to the electrical domain (voltages, charges) easily measured.
After identification of these constant, the match between the measured FRF and the model dynamics is quite good (Figure ref:fig:apa_test_bench_results)
After identification of these constant, the match between the measured FRF and the model dynamics is quite good (Fig.\nbsp{}ref:fig:apa_test_bench_results)
The same bench was also used with the struts in order to study the effects of the flexible joints.
@ -273,7 +291,7 @@ The same bench was also used with the struts in order to study the effects of th
#+name: fig:nano_hexapod_identification_comp_simscape
#+attr_latex: :width \linewidth
#+caption: Measured FRF and Simscape identified dynamics.
#+caption: Measured FRF and Simscape dynamics.
[[file:figs/nano_hexapod_identification_comp_simscape.pdf]]

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paper/dehaeze21_mechatronics_approach_nass.tex
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
% Created 2021-07-13 mar. 13:05
% Created 2021-07-14 mer. 12:41
% Intended LaTeX compiler: pdflatex
\documentclass[a4paper, keeplastbox, biblatex, boxit]{jacow}
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
\usepackage[colorlinks=true, allcolors=blue]{hyperref}
\addbibresource{ref.bib}
\author{T. Dehaeze\textsuperscript{1,}\thanks{thomas.dehaeze@esrf.fr}, J. Bonnefoy, ESRF, Grenoble, France \\ C. Collette\textsuperscript{1}, Université Libre de Bruxelles, BEAMS department, Brussels, Belgium \\ \textsuperscript{1}also at Precision Mechatronics Laboratory, University of Liege, Belgium}
\date{2021-07-13}
\date{2021-07-14}
\title{MECHATRONICS APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NANO-ACTIVE-STABILIZATION-SYSTEM}
\begin{document}
@ -32,23 +32,29 @@ The presented development approach is foreseen to be applied more frequently to
\end{abstract}
\section{INTRODUCTION}
Such mechatronic approach is widely used in the dutch industry \cite{rankers98_machin} and much less in the Synchrotron's world.
In this paper, is presented how the mechatronic approach is used for the development of a nano active stabilization system.
\cite{rankers98_machin}
\cite{dehaeze21_activ_dampin_rotat_platf_using}
\cite{souleille18_concep_activ_mount_space_applic}
\cite{brumund21_multib_simul_reduc_order_flexib_bodies_fea}
\cite{dehaeze18_sampl_stabil_for_tomog_exper}
\cite{schmidt20_desig_high_perfor_mechat_third_revis_edition}
\section{NANO ACTIVE STABILIZATION SYSTEM}
\section{NASS - MECHATRONIC APPROACH}
\subsection{The ID31 Micro Station}
The ID31 Micro Station is used to position samples along complex trajectories \cite{dehaeze18_sampl_stabil_for_tomog_exper}.
It is composed of several stacked stages (represented in yellow in Fig.~\ref{fig:nass_concept_schematic}).
This allows this station to have high mobility, however, this limits the position accuracy to tens of \(\mu m\).
The Nano Active Stabilization System (NASS) is a system whose goal is to improve the positioning accuracy of an existing positioning station (the ``micro-station'') used on ID31.
\subsection{The Nano Active Stabilization System}
The Nano Active Stabilization System (NASS) is a system whose goal is to improve the positioning accuracy of the ID31 Micro Station.
It is represented in Figure \ref{fig:nass_concept_schematic} and consists of three main elements:
It is represented in Fig.~\ref{fig:nass_concept_schematic} and consists of three main elements:
\begin{itemize}
\item the nano-hexapod located between the sample to be positioned and the micro-station.
\item a nano-hexapod located between the sample to be positioned and the micro-station.
\item a interferometric metrology system measuring the sample's position with respect to the focusing optics
\item a control system, which base on the measured position, properly actuates the nano-hexapod in order to stabilize the sample's position
\item a control system (not represented), which base on the measured position, properly actuates the nano-hexapod in order to stabilize the sample's position
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
@ -57,15 +63,19 @@ It is represented in Figure \ref{fig:nass_concept_schematic} and consists of thr
\caption{\label{fig:nass_concept_schematic}Nano Active Stabilization System - Schematic representation. 1) micro-station, 2) nano-hexapod, 3) sample, 4) metrology system}
\end{figure}
\section{MECHATRONIC APPROACH}
\subsection{Mechatronic Approach - Overview}
In order to design the NASS in a predictive way, a mechatronic approach, schematically represented in Fig.~\ref{fig:nass_mechatronics_approach}, is used.
An overview of the mechatronic approach is schematically shown in Figure \ref{fig:nass_mechatronics_approach}.
It consists of three main phases.
First the conceptual phase, where simple models and used, and the
Once the concept is validated, the detail design phase
Finally, there is the experimental phase in which the nano-hexapod is mounted, and several test benches are used to confirm the behavior of each individual elements.
It consists of three main phases:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Conceptual phase: Simple models of both the micro-station and the nano-hexapod are used to first evaluate the performances of several concepts.
During this phase, the type of sensors to use and the approximate required dynamical characteristics of the nano-hexapod are determined.
\item Detail design phase: Once the concept is validated, the models are used to list specifications both for the mechanics and the instrumentation.
Each critical elements can then be properly designed.
The models are updated as the design progresses.
\item Experimental phase: Once the design is completed and the parts received, several test benches are used to verify the properties of the key elements.
Then the hexapod can be mounted and fully tested with the instrumentation and the control system.
\end{enumerate}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
@ -73,66 +83,89 @@ Finally, there is the experimental phase in which the nano-hexapod is mounted, a
\caption{\label{fig:nass_mechatronics_approach}Overview of the mechatronic approach}
\end{figure*}
Several models are used throughout all the project.
At the beginning of the conceptual phase, simple ``mass-spring-dampers'' models (Figure \ref{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac}) were used to gain some understanding of the trade-offs.
It has been concluded that a rather soft nano-hexapod
These models are very easy to use, and
Rapidly, a multi-body model (Figure \ref{fig:nass_simscape_3d})
\begin{itemize}
\item represents the rotation ref to the paper
\item
\end{itemize}
During the detail design phase, the nano-hexapod model can be easily updated by importing the 3D parts exported from the CAD software.
The key elements of the nano-hexapod such as the flexible joints and the APA are optimized using a Finite Element Software.
As the flexible modes of the system are what generally limit the controller bandwidth, they are important to model in order to understand which are problematic and which are to be maximized.
In order to do so, a ``super-element'' can be exported and imported in Simscape (Figure \ref{fig:super_element_simscape})
\begin{itemize}
\item[{$\square$}] Table that compares the three models in terms of:
\begin{itemize}
\item time simulation
\item FRF
\item accuracy
\item easy to use
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
During the experimental phase, the models are refined using the measurements.
The models are stiff very useful to understand the measurements and the associated limitations.
They are used to have a better insight on which measures to take in order to overcome the current limitations.
For instance, it has been found that when fixing encoders to the struts (Figure \ref{fig:nano_hexapod_elements}), several flexible modes of the APA were appearing the dynamics which render the control using the encoders very complex.
Therefore, an alternative configuration with the encoders fixed to the plates instead was used.
\subsection{Models}
As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:nass_mechatronics_approach}, the models are at the core of the mechatronic approach.
Not only one, but several models are used throughout the design with increasing level of complexity (Fig.~\{fig:nass\_models\}).
\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.25\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{figs/mass_spring_damper_hac_lac.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac} Mass Spring Damper model}
\includegraphics[width=0.68\linewidth]{figs/mass_spring_damper_hac_lac.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac} Mass Spring Damper Model}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.48\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{figs/nass_simscape_3d.png}
\caption{\label{fig:nass_simscape_3d} Multi Body model}
\includegraphics[width=0.89\linewidth]{figs/nass_simscape_3d.png}
\caption{\label{fig:nass_simscape_3d} Multi Body Model}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.25\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{figs/super_element_simscape_alt.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.93\linewidth]{figs/super_element_simscape_alt.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:super_element_simscape} Finite Element Model}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\caption{\label{fig:nass_models}Models used during all the design process. From (\subref{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac}), (\subref{fig:nass_simscape_3d}), (\subref{fig:super_element_simscape})}
\caption{\label{fig:nass_models}Schematic of several models used during all the mechatronic design process.}
\centering
\end{figure*}
At the beginning of the conceptual phase, simple ``mass-spring-dampers'' models (Fig.~\ref{fig:mass_spring_damper_hac_lac}) are used in order to evaluate the performances of different concepts.
Based on this model, it has been concluded that a nano-hexapod with low frequency ``suspension'' modes would help both for the reduction of the effects of several disturbances and for the decoupling between the nano-hexapod dynamics and the complex micro-station dynamics.
This will greatly help simplifying the control.
Rapidly, a more sophisticated multi-body model (Fig.~\ref{fig:nass_simscape_3d}) has been used.
This model is based on the 3D representation of the micro-station as well as on extensive dynamical measurements.
Time domain simulations can then be performed where each stage is moving with the associated positioning errors and disturbances.
The multi-input multi-output control strategy can be developed and tested.
During the detail design phase, the nano-hexapod model is updated by importing the 3D parts exported from the CAD software.
The key elements of the nano-hexapod such as the flexible joints and the APA are optimized using a Finite Element Software.
As the flexible modes of the system are what generally limit the controller bandwidth, they are important to model in order to understand which are problematic and which are to be maximized.
In order to do so, a ``super-element'' can be exported and imported in Simscape (Fig.~\ref{fig:super_element_simscape}).
Such process is described in \cite{brumund21_multib_simul_reduc_order_flexib_bodies_fea}.
Finally, during the experimental phase, the models are refined using experimental system identification.
The models are still very useful to understand the measurements and the associated performance limitations.
They are used to have a better insight on which measures to take in order to overcome the current limitations.
For instance, it has been found that when fixing encoders to the struts (Fig.~\ref{fig:nano_hexapod_elements}), several flexible modes of the APA were appearing the dynamics which render the control using the encoders very complex.
Therefore, an alternative configuration with the encoders fixed to the plates instead was used.
\section{NANO-HEXAPOD DESIGN}
\subsection{Nano-Hexapod Specifications}
A CAD view of the nano-hexapod is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:nano_hexapod_elements}.
It is composed of 6 struts fixed in between two plates.
Each strut is composed of one flexible joints at each end, and one actuator (Fig.~\ref{fig:picture_nano_hexapod_strut}).
).
And encoder can be fixed to the struts as shown, but can also be directly fixed to the plates (not represented here).
Basic specifications:
\begin{itemize}
\item Limited height (95mm)
\item Stroke \(\approx 100\,\mu m\)
\item Load up to \(50\,kg\)
\end{itemize}
Based on the models used throughout the mechatronic approach, several specifications was obtained in order to maximize the performances of the system:
\begin{itemize}
\item Axial stiffness of the struts \(\approx 2\,\mu m/N\) such that the nano-hexapod dynamics is insensible to the rotation as well as decoupled from the micro-station dynamics
\item Small bending stiffness and high axial stiffness of the flexible joints
\item Precise positioning of the \(b_i\) and \(\hat{s}_i\)
\item Flexible modes of the top-plate as high as possible
\item Integration of a force sensor for active damping purposes (more in the next section)
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Parts' Optimization}
\begin{itemize}
\item APA / Flexible Joints / Plates
\end{itemize}
The flexible joints and the top plates have been optimize using a Finite Element Model combine with the multi-body model of the nano-hexapod.
The actuators are APA300ML from Cedrat Technologies.
Three stacks: two as actuator one as sensor
\begin{figure*}
\centering
@ -140,6 +173,11 @@ Therefore, an alternative configuration with the encoders fixed to the plates in
\caption{\label{fig:nano_hexapod_elements}CAD view of the nano-hexapod with key elements}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Mounted Nano-Hexapod}
\begin{itemize}
\item Mounting benches
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.9\linewidth]{figs/picture_nano_hexapod_strut.pdf}
@ -149,22 +187,23 @@ Therefore, an alternative configuration with the encoders fixed to the plates in
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.9\linewidth]{figs/nano_hexapod_picture.jpg}
\caption{\label{fig:nano_hexapod_picture}Picture of the Nano-Hexapod on top of the ID31 micro-station}
\caption{\label{fig:nano_hexapod_picture}Nano-Hexapod on top of the ID31 micro-station}
\end{figure}
\section{TEST-BENCHES}
\subsection{Flexible Joints and Instrumentation}
\subsection{APA/Struts Dynamics}
Several test benches were used for all the critical elements of the nano-hexapod.
For instant, the bending stiffness of the flexible joints are measured, and the model is refined.
The measurement noise of the encoders are also measured, and the input/output relationship and the output voltage noise of the voltage amplifiers are measured.
Perhaps the most important test bench was the one used to identify the dynamics of the amplified piezoelectric actuator (shown in Figure \ref{fig:test_bench_apa_schematic}).
Perhaps the most important test bench was the one used to identify the dynamics of the amplified piezoelectric actuator (shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:test_bench_apa_schematic}).
It consist of a \(5\,\text{kg}\) granite vertical guided with an air bearing and fixed on top of the APA.
An excitation signal (low pass filtered white noise) is generated and applied to two of the piezoelectric stacks.
Both the voltage generated by the third piezoelectric stack and the displacement measured by the encoder are recorded.
The two obtained FRF can then be compared with the model and the piezoelectric constant are identified.
These constants are used to do the conversion from the mechanical domain (force, strain) easily accessible on the model to the electrical domain (voltages, charges) easily measured.
After identification of these constant, the match between the measured FRF and the model dynamics is quite good (Figure \ref{fig:apa_test_bench_results})
After identification of these constant, the match between the measured FRF and the model dynamics is quite good (Fig.~\ref{fig:apa_test_bench_results})
The same bench was also used with the struts in order to study the effects of the flexible joints.
@ -190,7 +229,7 @@ The same bench was also used with the struts in order to study the effects of th
\centering
\end{figure}
\section{CONTROL RESULTS}
\subsection{Nano-Hexapod}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
@ -202,7 +241,7 @@ The same bench was also used with the struts in order to study the effects of th
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=\linewidth]{figs/nano_hexapod_identification_comp_simscape.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:nano_hexapod_identification_comp_simscape}Measured FRF and Simscape identified dynamics.}
\caption{\label{fig:nano_hexapod_identification_comp_simscape}Measured FRF and Simscape dynamics.}
\end{figure}

8
paper/ref.bib
View File

@ -62,3 +62,11 @@
approach.},
year = 1998,
}
@book{schmidt20_desig_high_perfor_mechat_third_revis_edition,
author = {Schmidt, R Munnig and Schitter, Georg and Rankers, Adrian},
title = {The Design of High Performance Mechatronics - Third Revised
Edition},
year = 2020,
publisher = {Ios Press},
}