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bending.html
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bending.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<head>
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||||
<!-- 2021-01-15 ven. 23:32 -->
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>Flexible Joint - Measurement of the Bending Stiffness</title>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="Org mode" />
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||||
<meta name="author" content="Dehaeze Thomas" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/css/style.css"/>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/js/script.js"></script>
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<script>
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MathJax = {
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svg: {
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scale: 1,
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fontCache: "global"
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},
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tex: {
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tags: "ams",
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multlineWidth: "%MULTLINEWIDTH",
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tagSide: "right",
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macros: {bm: ["\\boldsymbol{#1}",1],},
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tagIndent: ".8em"
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src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-svg.js"></script>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="org-div-home-and-up">
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<a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"> UP </a>
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||||
<a accesskey="H" href="../index.html"> HOME </a>
|
||||
</div><div id="content">
|
||||
<h1 class="title">Flexible Joint - Measurement of the Bending Stiffness</h1>
|
||||
<div id="table-of-contents">
|
||||
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
|
||||
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orge8827dd">1. Finite Element Model</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orgc947253">2. Setup</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orgf13af64">3. Effect of Bending</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orgca610d4">4. Computation of the bending stiffness</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orga6a9fed">5. Effect of Shear</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orgb361e5e">6. Effect of Torsion</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#org939c423">7. Full stroke measured displacement and applied force as a function of \(H\)</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#org333fa3f">8. Negligible bending of the supporting bar</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orgf9b93dc">9. Conclusion</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The goal is to design a test bench to measure the bending stiffness of a flexible joint with 1% accuracy.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orge8827dd" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orge8827dd"><span class="section-number-2">1</span> Finite Element Model</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="org6f8fcb1"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
From the Finite Element Model, the stiffnesses and strokes of the flexible joint have been computed.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-matlab">ka = 94e6; <span class="org-comment">% Axial Stiffness [N/m]</span>
|
||||
ks = 13e6; <span class="org-comment">% Shear Stiffness [N/m]</span>
|
||||
kb = 5; <span class="org-comment">% Bending Stiffness [Nm/rad]</span>
|
||||
kt = 260; <span class="org-comment">% Torsional Stiffness [Nm/rad]</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-matlab">Fa = 469; <span class="org-comment">% Axial Force before yield [N]</span>
|
||||
Fs = 242; <span class="org-comment">% Shear Force before yield [N]</span>
|
||||
Fb = 0.118; <span class="org-comment">% Bending Force before yield [Nm]</span>
|
||||
Ft = 1.508; <span class="org-comment">% Torsional Force before yield [Nm]</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-matlab">Xa = Fa<span class="org-type">/</span>ka; <span class="org-comment">% Axial Stroke before yield [m]</span>
|
||||
Xs = Fs<span class="org-type">/</span>ks; <span class="org-comment">% Shear Stroke before yield [m]</span>
|
||||
Xb = Fb<span class="org-type">/</span>kb; <span class="org-comment">% Bending Stroke before yield [rad]</span>
|
||||
Xt = Ft<span class="org-type">/</span>kt; <span class="org-comment">% Torsional Stroke before yield [rad]</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">Stiffness [N/um]</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">Max Force [N]</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">Stroke [um]</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Axial</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">94</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">469</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">5</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Shear</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">13</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">242</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">19</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">Stiffness [Nm/rad]</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">Max Torque [Nmm]</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">Stroke [mrad]</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Bending</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">5</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">118</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">24</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Torsional</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">260</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">1508</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">6</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgc947253" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orgc947253"><span class="section-number-2">2</span> Setup</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="org86d0b98"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Let’s say a force is applied on top of the flexible joint with a distance \(H_F\) with the joint’s center.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The displacement of the flexible joint is also measure at an height \(H_D\) from the joint’s center.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="org1d32223" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/flexible_joint_test_bench_bending_setup.png" alt="flexible_joint_test_bench_bending_setup.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 1: </span>Figure caption</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgf13af64" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orgf13af64"><span class="section-number-2">3</span> Effect of Bending</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="org2781d1d"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The torque applied is:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_b = F \cdot H_F
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The flexible joint is experiencing a rotation \(R_b\) due to the torque \(M_b\):
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
R_b = \frac{M_b}{k_b} = \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
This rotation is then measured by the displacement sensor.
|
||||
The measured displacement is:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b = H_D \tan(R_b) = H_D \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b} \right) \label{eq:bending_meaured_disp}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgca610d4" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orgca610d4"><span class="section-number-2">4</span> Computation of the bending stiffness</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-4">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
From equation \eqref{eq:bending_meaured_disp}, we can compute the bending stiffness:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
k_b = \frac{\tan^{-1}\left( \frac{D_b}{H_D} \right)}{F \cdot H_F}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
And therefore, to precisely measure \(k_b\), we need to:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li>precisely measure the motion \(D_b\)</li>
|
||||
<li>precisely measure the applied force \(F\)</li>
|
||||
<li>precisely know the height from the flexible joint’s center to the measurement point \(H_D\)</li>
|
||||
<li>precisely know the height from the flexible joint’s center to the force application point \(H_F\)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
If there are estimation errors for \(H_D\) or \(H_F\) as shown in Figure <a href="#orgd840605">2</a>, this will induce an error for the estimation of the stiffness.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
For 1% accuracy estimation of \(k_b\), we can write the following approximate requirements:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">Accuracy</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Force Measurement</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">1%</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Displacement Measurement</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">1%</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(H_D\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">1%</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(H_F\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">1%</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="orgd840605" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/bending_effect_error_vertical.png" alt="bending_effect_error_vertical.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 2: </span>Error in the estimation of the height of the force sensor and displacement sensor</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orga6a9fed" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orga6a9fed"><span class="section-number-2">5</span> Effect of Shear</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-5">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="orgd2827a2"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The effect of Shear on the measured displacement is simply:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_s = \frac{F}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
We would like to have this displacement much smaller than the displacement induced by the bending effects:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \gg D_s
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Which is equivalent as to have:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H_D \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b} \right) \gg \frac{F}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Here to simplify, we suppose \(FH_F/k_b \ll 1\) (which is the case in practice), and we suppose \(H_D = H_F = H\).
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The obtained condition is then:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H \gg \frac{k_b}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<table id="org0b1af59" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Table 1:</span> Height \(H\) to have less than certain amount of error due to shear effects</caption>
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">10% error</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">1% error</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">0.1% error</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(H\,[mm]\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">6</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">62</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">620</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
In order to limit the effect of shear of less than 1%, the height from the joint’s center to the force application point and to the measurement point should be larger than 62mm.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-matlab">H = 62e<span class="org-type">-</span>3; <span class="org-comment">% [m]</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgb361e5e" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orgb361e5e"><span class="section-number-2">6</span> Effect of Torsion</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-6">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="orge2b2893"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
If the application force is not aligned with the vertical axis of the flexible joint, this will induce a torsion motion that will induce a measurement error (Figure <a href="#orgdc4ca5c">3</a>).
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="orgdc4ca5c" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/bending_effect_torsion.png" alt="bending_effect_torsion.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 3: </span>Horizontal position error of the force sensor and displacement sensor</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Let’s note the offset of the force sensor \(\epsilon_{F,y}\) and the offset of the measurement point \(\epsilon_{D,y}\).
|
||||
The vertical torque (torsion) will be equal to:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_t = F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
And the induced torsion:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
R_t = \frac{M_t}{k_t} = \frac{F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}}{k_t}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The effect on the measured displacement is:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_t = \epsilon_{D,y} \tan \left( R_t \right) = \epsilon_{D,y} \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}}{k_t} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
And we would like to have:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \gg D_t
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Which is equivalent as to have:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H_D \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b} \right) \gg \epsilon_{D,y} \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}}{k_t} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Supposing \(H_F = H_D = H\) and \(\epsilon_{F,y} = \epsilon_{D,y} = \epsilon_{y}\), the condition becomes:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{y} \ll H \sqrt{\frac{k_t}{k_b}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
<table id="orga97cd00" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Table 2:</span> Maximum lateral position error \(\epsilon_y\) to have less than certain amount of error due to torsion effects</caption>
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">10% error</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">1% error</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">0.1% error</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(\epsilon_y\,[mm]\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">44.7</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">4.5</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">0.4</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
For 1% error, the lateral positioning errors \(\epsilon_y\) for both the force sensor and the displacement sensor should be less than 4.5mm.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org939c423" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="org939c423"><span class="section-number-2">7</span> Full stroke measured displacement and applied force as a function of \(H\)</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-7">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Applying a force with a large height \(H\) means the induced rotation (for constant force) will be larger.
|
||||
This also means that the measured displacement \(D_b\) will also be larger.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Note that we here suppose the force axis is co-linear with the measurement axis (\(H_F = H_D = H\)).
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Let’s compute:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li>\(D_b\) as a function of \(H\)
|
||||
\[ D_b \approx H \tan (R_b) \]</li>
|
||||
<li>the applied force \(F_{\text{max}}\) to induce the maximum rotation as a function of \(H\)
|
||||
\[ F_{\text{max}} \approx \frac{X_b \cdot k_b}{H} \]</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="orgd2df8f9" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/force_motion_function_H.png" alt="force_motion_function_H.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 4: </span>Applied force \(F_{\text{max}}\) and measured displacement \(D_b\) as a function of \(H\)</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
With an offset of 62mm, we obtained values shown in Table <a href="#orgfcc8e9b">3</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<table id="orgfcc8e9b" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Table 3:</span> Maximum displacement and maximum applied force for \(H = 62\,[mm]\)</caption>
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-right" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">\(D_b\,[mm]\)</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-right">\(F_m\,[N]\)</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">1.5</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-right">1.9</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org333fa3f" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="org333fa3f"><span class="section-number-2">8</span> Negligible bending of the supporting bar</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-8">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
This should be confirmed with FEM.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgf9b93dc" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orgf9b93dc"><span class="section-number-2">9</span> Conclusion</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-9">
|
||||
<table id="org9bcb31c" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Table 4:</span> Conclusions in terms of forces and displacement measurements</caption>
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Range</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Accuracy</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Force Measurement</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">2 N</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">1% = 0.02 N</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Displacement Measurement</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">1.5 mm</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">1% = 15 um</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<table id="org59ecc8a" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
|
||||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Table 5:</span> Conclusions in terms of required positioning accuracy</caption>
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
|
||||
<col class="org-left" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Value</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Precision</th>
|
||||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">Comment</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(H_D\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">62mm</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">For negligible Shear</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(H_F\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">62mm</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">Same</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(\epsilon_y\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">0</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">4.5mm</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">For negligible Torsion</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">\(\epsilon_z\)</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">0</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">1% = 0.6mm</td>
|
||||
<td class="org-left">For torque estimation precision</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Load cells:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.te.com/usa-en/product-CAT-FLS0020.html?q=&n=510872&d=681051%20564247&type=products&samples=N&inStoreWithoutPL=false&instock=N#mdp-tabs-content">https://www.te.com/usa-en/product-CAT-FLS0020.html?q=&n=510872&d=681051%20564247&type=products&samples=N&inStoreWithoutPL=false&instock=N#mdp-tabs-content</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/honeywell-sensing-and-productivity-solutions/FSS005WNSB/6056404">https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/honeywell-sensing-and-productivity-solutions/FSS005WNSB/6056404</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Displacement sensors:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><a href="http://www.vaco-france.com/outillage-de-metrologie/comparateur-a-cadran-de-precision.htm">http://www.vaco-france.com/outillage-de-metrologie/comparateur-a-cadran-de-precision.htm</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://fr.rs-online.com/web/p/comparateurs/1940101/">https://fr.rs-online.com/web/p/comparateurs/1940101/</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="postamble" class="status">
|
||||
<p class="author">Author: Dehaeze Thomas</p>
|
||||
<p class="date">Created: 2021-01-15 ven. 23:32</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
352
bending.org
Normal file
352
bending.org
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
|
||||
#+TITLE: Flexible Joint - Measurement of the Bending Stiffness
|
||||
:DRAWER:
|
||||
#+LANGUAGE: en
|
||||
#+EMAIL: dehaeze.thomas@gmail.com
|
||||
#+AUTHOR: Dehaeze Thomas
|
||||
|
||||
#+HTML_LINK_HOME: ../index.html
|
||||
#+HTML_LINK_UP: ../index.html
|
||||
|
||||
#+HTML_HEAD: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/css/style.css"/>
|
||||
#+HTML_HEAD: <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/js/script.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
#+BIND: org-latex-image-default-option "scale=1"
|
||||
#+BIND: org-latex-image-default-width ""
|
||||
|
||||
#+LaTeX_CLASS: scrreprt
|
||||
#+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper, 10pt, DIV=12, parskip=full]
|
||||
#+LaTeX_HEADER_EXTRA: \input{preamble.tex}
|
||||
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab :session *MATLAB*
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :comments org
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :exports both
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :results none
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :eval no-export
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :noweb yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :mkdirp yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :output-dir figs
|
||||
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex :headers '("\\usepackage{tikz}" "\\usepackage{import}" "\\import{$HOME/Cloud/tikz/org/}{config.tex}")
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :imagemagick t :fit yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :iminoptions -scale 100% -density 150
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :imoutoptions -quality 100
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :results file raw replace
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :buffer no
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :tangle no
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :eval no-export
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :exports results
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :mkdirp yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :output-dir figs
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :post pdf2svg(file=*this*, ext="png")
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
* Introduction :ignore:
|
||||
The goal is to design a test bench to measure the bending stiffness of a flexible joint with 1% accuracy.
|
||||
|
||||
* Finite Element Model
|
||||
<<sec:fem>>
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
|
||||
<<matlab-dir>>
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
|
||||
<<matlab-init>>
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
From the Finite Element Model, the stiffnesses and strokes of the flexible joint have been computed.
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
ka = 94e6; % Axial Stiffness [N/m]
|
||||
ks = 13e6; % Shear Stiffness [N/m]
|
||||
kb = 5; % Bending Stiffness [Nm/rad]
|
||||
kt = 260; % Torsional Stiffness [Nm/rad]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
Fa = 469; % Axial Force before yield [N]
|
||||
Fs = 242; % Shear Force before yield [N]
|
||||
Fb = 0.118; % Bending Force before yield [Nm]
|
||||
Ft = 1.508; % Torsional Force before yield [Nm]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
Xa = Fa/ka; % Axial Stroke before yield [m]
|
||||
Xs = Fs/ks; % Shear Stroke before yield [m]
|
||||
Xb = Fb/kb; % Bending Stroke before yield [rad]
|
||||
Xt = Ft/kt; % Torsional Stroke before yield [rad]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable([1e-6*ka, Fa, 1e6*Xa; 1e-6*ks, Fs, 1e6*Xs], {'Axial', 'Shear'}, {'Stiffness [N/um]', 'Max Force [N]', 'Stroke [um]'}, ' %.0f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | Stiffness [N/um] | Max Force [N] | Stroke [um] |
|
||||
|-------+------------------+---------------+-------------|
|
||||
| Axial | 94 | 469 | 5 |
|
||||
| Shear | 13 | 242 | 19 |
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable([kb, 1e3*Fb, 1e3*Xb; kt, 1e3*Ft, 1e3*Xt], {'Bending', 'Torsional'}, {'Stiffness [Nm/rad]', 'Max Torque [Nmm]', 'Stroke [mrad]'}, ' %.0f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | Stiffness [Nm/rad] | Max Torque [Nmm] | Stroke [mrad] |
|
||||
|-----------+--------------------+------------------+---------------|
|
||||
| Bending | 5 | 118 | 24 |
|
||||
| Torsional | 260 | 1508 | 6 |
|
||||
|
||||
* Setup
|
||||
<<sec:setup>>
|
||||
|
||||
Let's say a force is applied on top of the flexible joint with a distance $H_F$ with the joint's center.
|
||||
|
||||
The displacement of the flexible joint is also measure at an height $H_D$ from the joint's center.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:flexible_joint_test_bench_bending_setup
|
||||
#+caption: Figure caption
|
||||
[[file:figs/flexible_joint_test_bench_bending_setup.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
* Effect of Bending
|
||||
<<sec:bending>>
|
||||
|
||||
The torque applied is:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_b = F \cdot H_F
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
The flexible joint is experiencing a rotation $R_b$ due to the torque $M_b$:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
R_b = \frac{M_b}{k_b} = \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
This rotation is then measured by the displacement sensor.
|
||||
The measured displacement is:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b = H_D \tan(R_b) = H_D \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b} \right) \label{eq:bending_meaured_disp}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
* Computation of the bending stiffness
|
||||
From equation eqref:eq:bending_meaured_disp, we can compute the bending stiffness:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
k_b = \frac{\tan^{-1}\left( \frac{D_b}{H_D} \right)}{F \cdot H_F}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
And therefore, to precisely measure $k_b$, we need to:
|
||||
- precisely measure the motion $D_b$
|
||||
- precisely measure the applied force $F$
|
||||
- precisely know the height from the flexible joint's center to the measurement point $H_D$
|
||||
- precisely know the height from the flexible joint's center to the force application point $H_F$
|
||||
|
||||
If there are estimation errors for $H_D$ or $H_F$ as shown in Figure [[fig:bending_effect_error_vertical]], this will induce an error for the estimation of the stiffness.
|
||||
|
||||
For 1% accuracy estimation of $k_b$, we can write the following approximate requirements:
|
||||
| | Accuracy |
|
||||
|--------------------------+----------|
|
||||
| Force Measurement | 1% |
|
||||
| Displacement Measurement | 1% |
|
||||
| $H_D$ | 1% |
|
||||
| $H_F$ | 1% |
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:bending_effect_error_vertical
|
||||
#+caption: Error in the estimation of the height of the force sensor and displacement sensor
|
||||
[[file:figs/bending_effect_error_vertical.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
* Effect of Shear
|
||||
<<sec:shear>>
|
||||
|
||||
The effect of Shear on the measured displacement is simply:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_s = \frac{F}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
We would like to have this displacement much smaller than the displacement induced by the bending effects:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \gg D_s
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Which is equivalent as to have:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H_D \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b} \right) \gg \frac{F}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Here to simplify, we suppose $FH_F/k_b \ll 1$ (which is the case in practice), and we suppose $H_D = H_F = H$.
|
||||
|
||||
The obtained condition is then:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H \gg \frac{k_b}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable(1e3*[1e1*sqrt(kb/ks), 1e2*sqrt(kb/ks), 1e3*sqrt(kb/ks)], {'$H\,[mm]$'}, {'10% error', '1% error', '0.1% error'}, ' %.0f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:effect_shear
|
||||
#+caption: Height $H$ to have less than certain amount of error due to shear effects
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width \linewidth :align lXXX
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t :float t
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | 10% error | 1% error | 0.1% error |
|
||||
|-----------+-----------+----------+------------|
|
||||
| $H\,[mm]$ | 6 | 62 | 620 |
|
||||
|
||||
In order to limit the effect of shear of less than 1%, the height from the joint's center to the force application point and to the measurement point should be larger than 62mm.
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
H = 62e-3; % [m]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
* Effect of Torsion
|
||||
<<sec:torsion>>
|
||||
|
||||
If the application force is not aligned with the vertical axis of the flexible joint, this will induce a torsion motion that will induce a measurement error (Figure [[fig:bending_effect_torsion]]).
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:bending_effect_torsion
|
||||
#+caption: Horizontal position error of the force sensor and displacement sensor
|
||||
[[file:figs/bending_effect_torsion.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
Let's note the offset of the force sensor $\epsilon_{F,y}$ and the offset of the measurement point $\epsilon_{D,y}$.
|
||||
The vertical torque (torsion) will be equal to:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_t = F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
And the induced torsion:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
R_t = \frac{M_t}{k_t} = \frac{F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}}{k_t}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
The effect on the measured displacement is:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_t = \epsilon_{D,y} \tan \left( R_t \right) = \epsilon_{D,y} \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}}{k_t} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
And we would like to have:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \gg D_t
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Which is equivalent as to have:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H_D \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot H_F}{k_b} \right) \gg \epsilon_{D,y} \tan\left( \frac{F \cdot \epsilon_{F,y}}{k_t} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Supposing $H_F = H_D = H$ and $\epsilon_{F,y} = \epsilon_{D,y} = \epsilon_{y}$, the condition becomes:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{y} \ll H \sqrt{\frac{k_t}{k_b}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
H = 62e-3; % [m]
|
||||
data2orgtable(1e3*[1e-1*H*sqrt(kt/kb), 1e-2*H*sqrt(kt/kb), 1e-3*H*sqrt(kt/kb)], {'$\epsilon_y\,[mm]$'}, {'10% error', '1% error', '0.1% error'}, ' %.1f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:effect_torsion
|
||||
#+caption: Maximum lateral position error $\epsilon_y$ to have less than certain amount of error due to torsion effects
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width \linewidth :align lXXX
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t :float t
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | 10% error | 1% error | 0.1% error |
|
||||
|--------------------+-----------+----------+------------|
|
||||
| $\epsilon_y\,[mm]$ | 44.7 | 4.5 | 0.4 |
|
||||
|
||||
For 1% error, the lateral positioning errors $\epsilon_y$ for both the force sensor and the displacement sensor should be less than 4.5mm.
|
||||
|
||||
* Full stroke measured displacement and applied force as a function of $H$
|
||||
|
||||
Applying a force with a large height $H$ means the induced rotation (for constant force) will be larger.
|
||||
This also means that the measured displacement $D_b$ will also be larger.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that we here suppose the force axis is co-linear with the measurement axis ($H_F = H_D = H$).
|
||||
|
||||
Let's compute:
|
||||
- $D_b$ as a function of $H$
|
||||
\[ D_b \approx H \tan (R_b) \]
|
||||
- the applied force $F_{\text{max}}$ to induce the maximum rotation as a function of $H$
|
||||
\[ F_{\text{max}} \approx \frac{X_b \cdot k_b}{H} \]
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
|
||||
H = linspace(0, 100e-3, 1000);
|
||||
|
||||
Db = H*tan(Xb);
|
||||
Fmax = Xb*kb./H;
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
|
||||
figure;
|
||||
yyaxis left
|
||||
plot(1e3*H, Fmax);
|
||||
ylabel('Maximum Force [$N$]');
|
||||
ylim([0, 100]);
|
||||
|
||||
yyaxis right
|
||||
plot(1e3*H, 1e6*Db);
|
||||
ylabel('Measurement Range [$\mu m$]');
|
||||
|
||||
xlabel('Offset $H$ [$mm$]');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
|
||||
exportFig('figs/force_motion_function_H.pdf', 'width', 'wide', 'height', 'normal');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:force_motion_function_H
|
||||
#+caption: Applied force $F_{\text{max}}$ and measured displacement $D_b$ as a function of $H$
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
[[file:figs/force_motion_function_H.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
With an offset of 62mm, we obtained values shown in Table [[tab:disp_force_range]].
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
|
||||
H = 62e-3; % [m]
|
||||
Db = H*tan(Xb); % [m]
|
||||
Fmax = Xb*kb./H; % [N]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable([1e3*Db, Fmax], {}, {'$D_b\,[mm]$', '$F_m\,[N]$'}, ' %.1f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:disp_force_range
|
||||
#+caption: Maximum displacement and maximum applied force for $H = 62\,[mm]$
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width 0.3\linewidth :align lX
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t :float t
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| $D_b\,[mm]$ | $F_m\,[N]$ |
|
||||
|-------------+------------|
|
||||
| 1.5 | 1.9 |
|
||||
|
||||
* Negligible bending of the supporting bar
|
||||
|
||||
This should be confirmed with FEM.
|
||||
|
||||
* Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:conclusion_force_disp
|
||||
#+caption: Conclusions in terms of forces and displacement measurements
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width \linewidth :align lXX
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t :float t
|
||||
| | Range | Accuracy |
|
||||
|--------------------------+--------+-------------|
|
||||
| Force Measurement | 2 N | 1% = 0.02 N |
|
||||
| Displacement Measurement | 1.5 mm | 1% = 15 um |
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:conclusion_positioning
|
||||
#+caption: Conclusions in terms of required positioning accuracy
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width \linewidth :align lXXX
|
||||
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t :float t
|
||||
| | Value | Precision | Comment |
|
||||
|--------------+-------+------------+---------------------------------|
|
||||
| $H_D$ | 62mm | | For negligible Shear |
|
||||
| $H_F$ | 62mm | | Same |
|
||||
| $\epsilon_y$ | 0 | 4.5mm | For negligible Torsion |
|
||||
| $\epsilon_z$ | 0 | 1% = 0.6mm | For torque estimation precision |
|
||||
|
||||
Load cells:
|
||||
- https://www.te.com/usa-en/product-CAT-FLS0020.html?q=&n=510872&d=681051%20564247&type=products&samples=N&inStoreWithoutPL=false&instock=N#mdp-tabs-content
|
||||
- https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/honeywell-sensing-and-productivity-solutions/FSS005WNSB/6056404
|
||||
|
||||
Displacement sensors:
|
||||
- http://www.vaco-france.com/outillage-de-metrologie/comparateur-a-cadran-de-precision.htm
|
||||
- https://fr.rs-online.com/web/p/comparateurs/1940101/
|
||||
BIN
figs/3_point_measurement.png
Normal file
BIN
figs/3_point_measurement.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.7 MiB |
BIN
figs/bending_effect_error_vertical.png
Normal file
BIN
figs/bending_effect_error_vertical.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 31 KiB |
BIN
figs/bending_effect_torsion.png
Normal file
BIN
figs/bending_effect_torsion.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 31 KiB |
349
figs/flex_joint_bench_bending_meas.svg
Normal file
349
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index.org
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index.org
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@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
|
||||
#+TITLE: Flexible Joint - Test Bench
|
||||
:DRAWER:
|
||||
#+LANGUAGE: en
|
||||
#+EMAIL: dehaeze.thomas@gmail.com
|
||||
#+AUTHOR: Dehaeze Thomas
|
||||
|
||||
#+HTML_LINK_HOME: ../index.html
|
||||
#+HTML_LINK_UP: ../index.html
|
||||
|
||||
#+HTML_HEAD: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/css/style.css"/>
|
||||
#+HTML_HEAD: <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/js/script.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
#+BIND: org-latex-image-default-option "scale=1"
|
||||
#+BIND: org-latex-image-default-width ""
|
||||
|
||||
#+LaTeX_CLASS: scrreprt
|
||||
#+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper, 10pt, DIV=12, parskip=full]
|
||||
#+LaTeX_HEADER_EXTRA: \input{preamble.tex}
|
||||
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab :session *MATLAB*
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :comments org
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :exports both
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :results none
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :eval no-export
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :noweb yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :mkdirp yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :output-dir figs
|
||||
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex :headers '("\\usepackage{tikz}" "\\usepackage{import}" "\\import{$HOME/Cloud/tikz/org/}{config.tex}")
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :imagemagick t :fit yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :iminoptions -scale 100% -density 150
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :imoutoptions -quality 100
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :results file raw replace
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :buffer no
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :tangle no
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :eval no-export
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :exports results
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :mkdirp yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :output-dir figs
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :post pdf2svg(file=*this*, ext="png")
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
* Finite Element Model
|
||||
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
|
||||
<<matlab-dir>>
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
|
||||
<<matlab-init>>
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
** Parameters
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
ka = 94e6; % Axial Stiffness [N/m]
|
||||
ks = 13e6; % Shear Stiffness [N/m]
|
||||
kb = 5; % Bending Stiffness [Nm/rad]
|
||||
kt = 260; % Torsional Stiffness [Nm/rad]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
Fa = 469; % Axial Force before yield [N]
|
||||
Fs = 242; % Shear Force before yield [N]
|
||||
Fb = 0.118; % Bending Force before yield [Nm]
|
||||
Ft = 1.508; % Torsional Force before yield [Nm]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
Xa = Fa/ka; % Axial Stroke before yield [m]
|
||||
Xs = Fs/ks; % Shear Stroke before yield [m]
|
||||
Xb = Fb/kb; % Bending Stroke before yield [rad]
|
||||
Xt = Ft/kt; % Torsional Stroke before yield [rad]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable([1e-6*ka, Fa, 1e6*Xa; 1e-6*ks, Fs, 1e6*Xs], {'Axial', 'Shear'}, {'Stiffness [N/um]', 'Max Force [N]', 'Stroke [um]'}, ' %.0f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | Stiffness [N/um] | Max Force [N] | Stroke [um] |
|
||||
|-------+------------------+---------------+-------------|
|
||||
| Axial | 94 | 469 | 5 |
|
||||
| Shear | 13 | 242 | 19 |
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable([kb, 1e3*Fb, 1e3*Xb; kt, 1e3*Ft, 1e3*Xt], {'Bending', 'Torsional'}, {'Stiffness [Nm/rad]', 'Max Torque [Nmm]', 'Stroke [mrad]'}, ' %.0f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | Stiffness [Nm/rad] | Max Torque [Nmm] | Stroke [mrad] |
|
||||
|-----------+--------------------+------------------+---------------|
|
||||
| Bending | 5 | 118 | 24 |
|
||||
| Torsional | 260 | 1508 | 6 |
|
||||
|
||||
* Measurement Setup
|
||||
|
||||
As shown in Figure [[fig:flexible_joint_test_bench_axis]], the x-axis is aligned with both the force axis and the measurement axis.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:flexible_joint_test_bench_axis
|
||||
#+caption: Test bench geometry and axis
|
||||
[[file:figs/flexible_joint_test_bench_axis.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
* Shear
|
||||
** Setup
|
||||
|
||||
The applied force as well as the measured displacement are aligned with the flexible joint's center (Figure [[fig:flexible_joint_test_bench_axis]]).
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:flex_joint_bench_shear
|
||||
#+caption: Schematic of the test bench to measure the shear stiffness
|
||||
[[file:figs/flex_joint_bench_shear.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
Ideally, only shear is induced by the force.
|
||||
|
||||
If the force is not exactly aligned with the rotation point of the flexible joint:
|
||||
- in the y-direction: some parasitic *torsional* motion will be induced
|
||||
- in the z-direction: some parasitic *bending* motion will be induced
|
||||
|
||||
We wish here to estimate how precise the force vector should be aligned with the flexible point in order for the motion measured is mainly due to shear effects and not torsional and bending effects.
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Shear
|
||||
The shear effect is simply:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
X_s = \frac{F}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Bending
|
||||
|
||||
If the flexible joint is not perfectly positioned as shown in Figure [[fig:flex_joint_bench_pos_error]] (offset along the z-axis), the applied force will induce a bending motion in addition to the shear motion.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:flex_joint_bench_pos_error
|
||||
#+caption: Considering a position error $\epsilon_z$ of the measurement and force application point with respect ot the flexible joint center (Side View)
|
||||
[[file:figs/flex_joint_bench_pos_error.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
Let's estimate this effect.
|
||||
|
||||
The effect of the vertical position error $\epsilon_z$ is the apparition of a "bending" torque:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_b = \epsilon_z \cdot F
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
This torque will induce a bending motion $\theta_y$ of the flexible joint:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\theta_y = \frac{M_b}{k_b} = \frac{\epsilon_z \cdot F}{k_b}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
This rotation will induce an error $\epsilon_{\theta_y}$ on the measured displacement:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{\theta_y} = \tan(\theta_y) \epsilon_z - L\left( 1 - \frac{1}{\cos(\theta_y)} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Supposing $\theta_y$ small:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{\theta_y} \approx \frac{\epsilon_z^2 \cdot F}{k_b} \left( 1 + \frac{L}{2} \frac{F}{k_b} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And this error to be very small compared to the measured motion due to shear:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{\theta_y} \ll X_s
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Which is equivalent to:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_z \ll \sqrt{\frac{k_b}{k_s} \frac{1}{1 + \frac{L}{2} \frac{F}{k_b}}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
For realistic values, this is almost equivalent to:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_z \ll \sqrt{\frac{k_b}{k_s}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Numerically:
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
L = 5e-2; % [m]
|
||||
F = 20; % [N]
|
||||
|
||||
epsilon_z_max = sqrt(kb/ks/(1 + L/2*F/kb)); % [m]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable(1e6*[1e-1*epsilon_z_max, 1e-2*epsilon_z_max, 1e-3*epsilon_z_max], {'$\epsilon_z\,[\mu m]$'}, {'10% error', '1% error', '0.1% error'}, ' %.1f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | 10% error | 1% error | 0.1% error |
|
||||
|-----------------------+-----------+----------+------------|
|
||||
| $\epsilon_z\,[\mu m]$ | 59.1 | 5.9 | 0.6 |
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Torsion
|
||||
If the flexible joint is not perfectly positioned as shown in Figure [[fig:flex_joint_bench_pos_error_bis]] (offset along the y-axis), the applied force will induce a torsional motion in addition to the shear motion.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:flex_joint_bench_pos_error_bis
|
||||
#+caption: Considering a position error $\epsilon_y$ of the measurement and force application point with respect ot the flexible joint center (top view)
|
||||
[[file:figs/flex_joint_bench_pos_error_bis.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
Let's estimate this effect.
|
||||
|
||||
The effect of the horizontal position error $\epsilon_y$ is the apparition of a "torsional" torque:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_t = \epsilon_y \cdot F
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
This torque will induce a torsional motion $\theta_z$ of the flexible joint:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\theta_z = \frac{M_t}{k_t} = \frac{\epsilon_y \cdot F}{k_t}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
This rotation will induce an error $\epsilon_{\theta_z}$ on the measured displacement:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{\theta_z} = \tan(\theta_z) \epsilon_y - L\left( 1 - \frac{1}{\cos(\theta_z)} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Supposing $\theta_z$ small:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{\theta_z} \approx \frac{\epsilon_y^2 \cdot F}{k_t} \left( 1 + \frac{L}{2} \frac{F}{k_t} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We want this error to be very small compared to the measured motion due to shear:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_{\theta_z} \ll X_s
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Which is equivalent to:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_y \ll \sqrt{\frac{k_t}{k_s} \frac{1}{1 + \frac{L}{2} \frac{F}{k_t}}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
For realistic values, this is almost equivalent to:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_y \ll \sqrt{\frac{k_t}{k_s}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Numerically:
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
L = 5e-2; % [m]
|
||||
F = 20; % [N]
|
||||
|
||||
epsilon_y_max = sqrt(kt/ks/(1 + L/2*F/kt)); % [m]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable(1e6*[1e-1*epsilon_y_max, 1e-2*epsilon_y_max, 1e-3*epsilon_y_max], {'$\epsilon_y\,[\mu m]$'}, {'10% error', '1% error', '0.1% error'}, ' %.1f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | 10% error | 1% error | 0.1% error |
|
||||
|-----------------------+-----------+----------+------------|
|
||||
| $\epsilon_y\,[\mu m]$ | 446.8 | 44.7 | 4.5 |
|
||||
|
||||
* Axial
|
||||
** Setup
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:flex_test_bench_axial
|
||||
#+caption: Schematic of the test bench to measure the Axial Stiffness
|
||||
[[file:figs/flex_test_bench_axial.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Compression
|
||||
|
||||
The axial (compression) effect is simply:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
X_a = \frac{F}{k_a}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Bending
|
||||
If the force is not exactly aligned with the rotation point of the flexible joint, some parasitic *bending* motion will be induced (Figure [[fig:flex_joint_bench_pos_error_axial]]).
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:flex_joint_bench_pos_error_axial
|
||||
#+caption: Error of position of the force vector and measurement point with respect to the flexible joint's center
|
||||
[[file:figs/flex_joint_bench_pos_error_axial.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
We wish here to estimate how close to the rotation point the force vector should be aligned for the motion measured to be mainly due to shear effects and not bending effects.
|
||||
|
||||
Suppose there is a distance $\epsilon_z$ form the center of rotation, it will induce a torque equal to:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_b = \epsilon_z \cdot F
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, the rotation of the top part will be:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
X_b = \frac{M_b}{k_b} = \frac{\epsilon_z \cdot F}{k_b}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
And the induced measured displacement is:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b = \tan(X_b) \epsilon_z - L\left( 1 - \frac{1}{\cos(X_b)} \right) \\
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Supposing $X_b$ small:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \approx \frac{\epsilon_z^2 \cdot F}{k_b} \left( 1 + \frac{L}{2} \frac{F}{k_b} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
We want the induced displacement due to the bending much smaller than the induced displacement due to the compression:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \ll Xs
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Which is equivalent to (taking $\tan x \approx x$):
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_z \ll \sqrt{\frac{k_b}{k_a} \frac{1}{1 + \frac{L}{2} \frac{F}{k_b}}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
For realistic values, this is almost equivalent to:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\epsilon_z \ll \sqrt{\frac{k_b}{k_a}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Note that an error in $z$ is chosen here, but the same results are obtained for errors in the $y$ direction.
|
||||
What matters is the distance from the axis $F$ to the flexible joint's center.
|
||||
|
||||
Numerically:
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
L = 10e-2; % [m]
|
||||
F = 50; % [N]
|
||||
d_off_eq = sqrt(kb/ka/(1 + L/2*F/kb))
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable(1e6*[1e-1*d_off_eq, 1e-2*d_off_eq, 1e-3*d_off_eq; 1e-1*d_off_eq, 1e-2*d_off_eq, 1e-3*d_off_eq], {'$\epsilon_y\,[\mu m]$', '$\epsilon_z\,[\mu m]$'}, {'10% error', '1% error', '0.1% error'}, ' %.1f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | 10% error | 1% error | 0.1% error |
|
||||
|-----------------------+-----------+----------+------------|
|
||||
| $\epsilon_y\,[\mu m]$ | 18.8 | 1.9 | 0.2 |
|
||||
| $\epsilon_z\,[\mu m]$ | 18.8 | 1.9 | 0.2 |
|
||||
|
||||
Same as for the shear measurement, it is very difficult to be that precise, and therefore rotations should also be measured and compensated for.
|
||||
|
||||
** Measured Displacement with realistic positioning errors
|
||||
|
||||
Suppose there is a positioning error of $\epsilon_z = 0.1\,mm$.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
X_b = \frac{\epsilon_z \cdot F}{k_b}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
Fmax = Fa;
|
||||
Ez = 0.1e-3;
|
||||
Xb_max = Ez*Fmax/kb;
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value replace
|
||||
ans = sprintf('Xbmax = %.1f [mrad]', 1e3*Xb_max)
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
: Xbmax = 9.4 [mrad]
|
||||
|
||||
Which is about half of the maximum stroke in bending.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b = \tan(X_b) \epsilon_z - L\left( 1 - \frac{1}{\cos(X_b)} \right) \\
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
* Bending Stiffness
|
||||
** Setup
|
||||
Let's say a force is applied on top of the flexible joint with a distance $H$ with the joint's center.
|
||||
|
||||
The displacement of the flexible joint is also measure at the same height $H$.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Bending
|
||||
The torque applied is:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
M_b = F \cdot H
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
The flexible joint is experiencing a rotation $R_b$ due to the torque $M_b$:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
R_b = \frac{M_b}{k_b} = \frac{F \cdot H}{k_b}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
This rotation is then measured by the displacement sensor coaxial with the force actuator.
|
||||
The measured displacement is:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \approx H \tan (R_b) \approx \frac{F \cdot H^2}{k_b}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Shear
|
||||
The effect of Shear on the measured displacement is simply:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_s = \frac{F}{k_s}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
We would like to have this displacement much smaller than the displacement induced by the bending effects:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \gg D_s
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Which is equivalent as to have:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
H \gg \sqrt{\frac{k_b}{k_s}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
data2orgtable(1e3*[1e1*sqrt(kb/ks), 1e2*sqrt(kb/ks), 1e3*sqrt(kb/ks)], {'D offset [mm]'}, {'10% error', '1% error', '0.1% error'}, ' %.0f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | 10% error | 1% error | 0.1% error |
|
||||
|---------------+-----------+----------+------------|
|
||||
| D offset [mm] | 6 | 62 | 620 |
|
||||
|
||||
We should therefore apply a force at least 50mm higher than the joint's center for the shear effects to be negligible.
|
||||
|
||||
** Effect of Torsion
|
||||
|
||||
If the application force is not aligned with the vertical axis of the flexible joint, this will induce a torsion motion that will induce a measurement error.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's note the offset $x_{off}$:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_t \approx \frac{x_{off}^2 \cdot F}{k_t} \left( 1 + \frac{L}{2} \frac{F}{k_t} \right)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
And we would like to have:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \gg D_t
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Which is equivalent as to have:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
x_{off} \ll H \sqrt{\frac{k_t}{k_b}}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Let's take $H = 50/,mm$.
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
|
||||
H = 50e-3; % [m]
|
||||
data2orgtable(1e3*[1e-1*H*sqrt(kt/kb), 1e-2*H*sqrt(kt/kb), 1e-3*H*sqrt(kt/kb)], {'X offset [mm]'}, {'10% error', '1% error', '0.1% error'}, ' %.1f ');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| | 10% error | 1% error | 0.1% error |
|
||||
|---------------+-----------+----------+------------|
|
||||
| X offset [mm] | 36.1 | 3.6 | 0.4 |
|
||||
|
||||
The effect of torsion should be negligible for a positioning accuracy of ~1mm.
|
||||
|
||||
** Full stroke measured displacement and applied force as a function of $H$
|
||||
|
||||
Applying a force with a large offset $H$ means the induced rotation (for constant force) will be larger.
|
||||
This also means that the measured displacement $D_b$ will also be larger.
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
D_b \approx H \tan (R_b)
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
|
||||
Note that we here suppose the force axis is co-linear with the measurement axis.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's compute:
|
||||
- $D_b$ as a function of $H$
|
||||
\[ D_b \approx H \tan (R_b) \]
|
||||
- the applied force $F_{\text{max}}$ to induce the maximum rotation
|
||||
\[ F_{\text{max}} \approx \frac{X_b \cdot k_b}{H} \]
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
H = linspace(0, 100e-3, 1000);
|
||||
|
||||
Db = H*tan(Xb);
|
||||
Fmax = Xb*kb./H;
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
figure;
|
||||
yyaxis left
|
||||
plot(1e3*H, Fmax);
|
||||
ylabel('Maximum Force [$N$]');
|
||||
ylim([0, 100]);
|
||||
|
||||
yyaxis right
|
||||
plot(1e3*H, 1e6*Db);
|
||||
ylabel('Measurement Range [$\mu m$]');
|
||||
|
||||
xlabel('Offset $H$ [$mm$]');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
** Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
- Applied Force
|
||||
- Measured Displacement
|
||||
- Requirements in terms of positioning
|
||||
|
||||
* Torsion
|
||||
** Distance to flex axis for torsion >> shear
|
||||
|
||||
** Force Location Precision for torsion >> bending
|
||||
|
||||
* Force Sensor
|
||||
|
||||
Requirements:
|
||||
- Large enough measurement range
|
||||
- Small enough measurement noise and errors
|
||||
|
||||
The largest applied force is foreseen to be around 500N.
|
||||
The smallest (full range) force is foreseen to be around 2N.
|
||||
|
||||
If we want an accuracy of 1% (even for the small measurement range), the force sensor should be accurate down to ~0.02N and with a full range of 500N.
|
||||
This corresponds to an accuracy of 0.004%.
|
||||
|
||||
If we limit ourselves to 100N of applied force, the required accuracy of 0.02N corresponds to 0.02% of accuracy which is more realistic.
|
||||
|
||||
Another solution would be to use 2 force sensors.
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
Fmax = 500; % [N]
|
||||
Fmin = 2; % [N]
|
||||
Fres = Fmin/100; % [N]
|
||||
|
||||
% Dynamic range
|
||||
Fmax/Fres
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
| Model | Range [N] | Accuracy | Error [N] | Price [eur] |
|
||||
|--------+-----------+----------+-----------+-------------|
|
||||
| [[https://www.hbm.com/en/3364/s2m-reliable-high-precision-s-type-force-load-cell/][S2M]] | 100 | 0.02% | 0.02 | |
|
||||
| [[https://www.hbm.com/en/3364/s2m-reliable-high-precision-s-type-force-load-cell/][S2M]] | 500 | 0.02% | 0.1 | |
|
||||
| [[https://www.althensensors.com/sensors/force-sensors/cylindrical-force-sensors/4510/alf241-axial-compensated-force-sensor/][ALF241]] | 100 | 0.05% | 0.05 | |
|
||||
| [[https://en.pm-instrumentation.com/1500-cellule-de-force-plate-125-a-1500-n-faible-sensibilite-aux-efforts-transverses#documents][PM1500]] | 500 | 0.05% | 0.5 | |
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
https://www.hbm.com/en/2925/top-transfer-reference-force-transducer-maximum-precision/
|
||||
- State of the art but big
|
||||
https://www.burster.com//en/sensors/load-cells/high-precision-load-cells/p/detail/8527
|
||||
- 500N range => 0.25N error
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Displacement Sensor
|
||||
** Three displacement sensors to measure both rotations $\theta_y,\theta_z$ and translation $x$
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:3_point_measurement
|
||||
#+caption: Figure caption
|
||||
[[file:figs/3_point_measurement.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
- Capacitive sensors or interferometers
|
||||
- Choice of the position of the three sensors => will change rotation sensitivity and range
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user