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Stewart Platform with Flexible Elements

Simscape Model

Flexible APA 

apa = load('./mat/APA300ML.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
Total number of Nodes 7
Number of interface Nodes 7
Number of Modes 120
Size of M and K matrices 162
Node i Node Number x [m] y [m] z [m]
1.0 697783.0 0.0 0.0 -0.015
2.0 697784.0 0.0 0.0 0.015
3.0 697785.0 -0.0325 0.0 0.0
4.0 697786.0 -0.0125 0.0 0.0
5.0 697787.0 -0.0075 0.0 0.0
6.0 697788.0 0.0125 0.0 0.0
7.0 697789.0 0.0325 0.0 0.0
Coordinates of the interface nodes

Flexible Joint 

flex_joint = load('./mat/flexor_025.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
Total number of Nodes 2
Number of interface Nodes 2
Number of Modes 6
Size of M and K matrices 18
Node i Node Number x [m] y [m] z [m]
1.0 528875.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2.0 528876.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0
Coordinates of the interface nodes
Caracteristic Value
Axial Stiffness [N/um] 94
Bending Stiffness [Nm/rad] 5
Bending Stiffness [Nm/rad] 5
Torsion Stiffness [Nm/rad] 260

Identification

And we identify the dynamics from force actuators to force sensors.

%% Options for Linearized
options = linearizeOptions;
options.SampleTime = 0;

%% Name of the Simulink File
mdl = 'stewart_platform_model';

%% Input/Output definition
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Controller'],        1, 'openinput');  io_i = io_i + 1; % Actuator Force Inputs [N]
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Stewart Platform'],  1, 'openoutput', [], 'dLm'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Relative Displacement Outputs [m]
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Stewart Platform'],  1, 'openoutput', [], 'Taum'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Force Sensors [N]
ground = initializeGround('type', 'none');
payload = initializePayload('type', 'rigid', 'm', 50);
controller = initializeController('type', 'open-loop');
disturbances = initializeDisturbances();

No Flexible Elements 

stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeAmplifiedStrutDynamics(stewart, 'Ke', 1.5e6*ones(6,1), 'Ka', 40.5e6*ones(6,1), 'K1', 0.4e6*ones(6,1));
stewart = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, 'type_M', 'spherical_3dof', ...
                                  'Kr_M', flex_joint.K(1,1)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Ka_M', flex_joint.K(3,3)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kf_M', flex_joint.K(4,4)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kt_M', flex_joint.K(6,6)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'type_F', 'universal_3dof', ...
                                  'Kr_F', flex_joint.K(1,1)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Ka_F', flex_joint.K(3,3)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kf_F', flex_joint.K(4,4)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kt_F', flex_joint.K(6,6)*ones(6,1));
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart);
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);

references = initializeReferences(stewart);
%% Run the linearization
G = linearize(mdl, io, options);
G.InputName  = {'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6'};
G.OutputName = {'Dm1', 'Dm2', 'Dm3', 'Dm4', 'Dm5', 'Dm6', 'Fm1', 'Fm2', 'Fm3', 'Fm4', 'Fm5', 'Fm6'};

Flexible joints

/tdehaeze/stewart-simscape/media/branch/master/org/figs/simscape_flex_joints.png
Figure caption 
stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeAmplifiedStrutDynamics(stewart, 'Ke', 1.5e6*ones(6,1), 'Ka', 40.5e6*ones(6,1), 'K1', 0.4e6*ones(6,1));
stewart = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, 'type_F', 'flexible', 'K_F', flex_joint.K, 'M_F', flex_joint.M, 'n_xyz_F', flex_joint.n_xyz, 'xi_F', 0.1, 'step_file_F', 'mat/flexor_ID16.STEP', 'type_M', 'flexible', 'K_M', flex_joint.K, 'M_M', flex_joint.M, 'n_xyz_M', flex_joint.n_xyz, 'xi_M', 0.1, 'step_file_M', 'mat/flexor_ID16.STEP');
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart);
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);
%% Run the linearization
Gj = linearize(mdl, io, options);
Gj.InputName  = {'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6'};
Gj.OutputName = {'Dm1', 'Dm2', 'Dm3', 'Dm4', 'Dm5', 'Dm6', 'Fm1', 'Fm2', 'Fm3', 'Fm4', 'Fm5', 'Fm6'};

Flexible APA

/tdehaeze/stewart-simscape/media/branch/master/org/figs/simscape_flex_apa.png
Figure caption 
stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeFlexibleStrutDynamics(stewart, 'H', 0.03, 'K', apa.K, 'M', apa.M, 'n_xyz', apa.n_xyz, 'xi', 0.1, 'Gf', -2.65e7, 'step_file', 'mat/APA300ML.STEP');
stewart = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, 'type_M', 'spherical_3dof', ...
                                  'Kr_M', flex_joint.K(1,1)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Ka_M', flex_joint.K(3,3)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kf_M', flex_joint.K(4,4)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kt_M', flex_joint.K(6,6)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'type_F', 'universal_3dof', ...
                                  'Kr_F', flex_joint.K(1,1)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Ka_F', flex_joint.K(3,3)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kf_F', flex_joint.K(4,4)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kt_F', flex_joint.K(6,6)*ones(6,1));
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart, 'type_F', 'none', 'type_M', 'none');
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);
%% Run the linearization
Ga = -linearize(mdl, io, options);
Ga.InputName  = {'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6'};
Ga.OutputName = {'Dm1', 'Dm2', 'Dm3', 'Dm4', 'Dm5', 'Dm6', 'Fm1', 'Fm2', 'Fm3', 'Fm4', 'Fm5', 'Fm6'};

Flexible Joints and APA

/tdehaeze/stewart-simscape/media/branch/master/org/figs/simscape_flexible.png
Figure caption 
stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeFlexibleStrutDynamics(stewart, 'H', 0.03, 'K', apa.K, 'M', apa.M, 'n_xyz', apa.n_xyz, 'xi', 0.1, 'Gf', -2.65e7, 'step_file', 'mat/APA300ML.STEP');
stewart = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, 'type_F', 'flexible', 'K_F', flex_joint.K, 'M_F', flex_joint.M, 'n_xyz_F', flex_joint.n_xyz, 'xi_F', 0.1, 'step_file_F', 'mat/flexor_ID16.STEP', 'type_M', 'flexible', 'K_M', flex_joint.K, 'M_M', flex_joint.M, 'n_xyz_M', flex_joint.n_xyz, 'xi_M', 0.1, 'step_file_M', 'mat/flexor_ID16.STEP');
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart, 'type_F', 'none', 'type_M', 'none');
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);
Gf = -linearize(mdl, io, options);
Gf.InputName  = {'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6'};
Gf.OutputName = {'Dm1', 'Dm2', 'Dm3', 'Dm4', 'Dm5', 'Dm6', 'Fm1', 'Fm2', 'Fm3', 'Fm4', 'Fm5', 'Fm6'};

Save 

save('./mat/flexible_stewart_platform.mat', 'G', 'Gj', 'Ga', 'Gf');

Direct Velocity Feedback

/tdehaeze/stewart-simscape/media/branch/master/org/figs/flexible_elements_effect_dvf.png

Change of the DVF plant dynamics with the added flexible elements

Integral Force Feedback

/tdehaeze/stewart-simscape/media/branch/master/org/figs/flexible_elements_effect_iff.png

Change of the IFF plant dynamics with the added flexible elements

Procedure to include flexible elements into Simscape

In order to model a flexible element with only few mass-spring-damper elements:

  • FEM of the flexible element
  • Super-Element extraction

  • Parameters to extract

    • For the flexible joint: axial, shear, bending and torsion stiffnesses
    • For the APA: k1, ka, ke, c1
  • This can be done directly from the Stiffness matrix or using identification from a simple Simscape model

Conclusion

The results seems to indicate that the model is well represented with only few degrees of freedom. This permit to have a relatively sane number of states for the model.

Control with flexible elements

Flexible APA and Flexible Joint 

apa = load('./mat/APA300ML.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
flex_joint = load('./mat/flexor_ID16.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeFlexibleStrutDynamics(stewart, 'H', 0.03, 'K', apa.K, 'M', apa.M, 'n_xyz', apa.n_xyz, 'xi', 0.1, 'step_file', 'mat/APA300ML.STEP');
stewart = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, 'type_F', 'flexible', 'K_F', flex_joint.K, 'M_F', flex_joint.M, 'n_xyz_F', flex_joint.n_xyz, 'xi_F', 0.1, 'step_file_F', 'mat/flexor_ID16.STEP', 'type_M', 'flexible', 'K_M', flex_joint.K, 'M_M', flex_joint.M, 'n_xyz_M', flex_joint.n_xyz, 'xi_M', 0.1, 'step_file_M', 'mat/flexor_ID16.STEP');
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart, 'type_F', 'none', 'type_M', 'none');
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);
ground = initializeGround('type', 'none');
payload = initializePayload('type', 'rigid', 'm', 50);
controller = initializeController('type', 'open-loop');
disturbances = initializeDisturbances();
references = initializeReferences(stewart);

Identification

And we identify the dynamics from force actuators to force sensors.

%% Options for Linearized
options = linearizeOptions;
options.SampleTime = 0;

%% Name of the Simulink File
mdl = 'stewart_platform_model';

%% Input/Output definition
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Controller'],        1, 'openinput');  io_i = io_i + 1; % Actuator Force Inputs [N]
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Stewart Platform'],  1, 'openoutput', [], 'dLm'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Relative Displacement Outputs [m]
G = -linearize(mdl, io, options);
G.InputName  = {'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6'};
G.OutputName = {'Dm1', 'Dm2', 'Dm3', 'Dm4', 'Dm5', 'Dm6'};

Decentralized Direct Velocity Feedback

Controller Design

Kl = -1e5*s/(1 + s/2/pi/2e2)/(1 + s/2/pi/5e2) * eye(6);
isstable(feedback(G(1:6,1:6)*Kl, eye(6), -1))
1

HAC 

Kx = tf(zeros(6));

controller = initializeController('type', 'ref-track-hac-dvf');
%% Name of the Simulink File
mdl = 'stewart_platform_model';

%% Input/Output definition
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Controller'],              1, 'input');  io_i = io_i + 1; % Actuator Force Inputs [N]
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Relative Motion Sensor'],  1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Relative Displacement Outputs [m]

%% Run the linearization
G = linearize(mdl, io);
G.InputName  = {'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6'};
G.OutputName = {'Dx', 'Dy', 'Dz', 'Rx', 'Ry', 'Rz'};
Gl = -stewart.kinematics.J*G;
Gl.OutputName  = {'D1', 'D2', 'D3', 'D4', 'D5', 'D6'};
wc = 2*pi*300;
Kl = diag(1./diag(abs(freqresp(Gl, wc)))) * wc/s * 1/(1 + s/3/wc);

Flexible Joint Specifications

Stewart Platform Initialization 

stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeAmplifiedStrutDynamics(stewart, 'Ke', 1.5e6*ones(6,1), 'Ka', 43e6*ones(6,1), 'K1', 0.4e6*ones(6,1), 'C1', 10*ones(6,1));
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart);
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);

references = initializeReferences(stewart);
ground = initializeGround('type', 'none');
payload = initializePayload('type', 'rigid', 'm', 50);
controller = initializeController('type', 'open-loop');
disturbances = initializeDisturbances();
open('stewart_platform_model.slx')

Effect of the Bending Stiffness 

Kfs = [1, 10, 100, 1000]; % [Nm/rad]

Effect of the Torsion Stiffness 

Kts = [10, 100, 500, 1000]; % [Nm/rad]

Effect of the Axial Stiffness 

Kas = [1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 5e8, 1e9]; % [N/m]

Effect of the Radial (Shear) Stiffness 

Krs = [1e4, 1e5, 1e6, 1e7]; % [N/m]

Comparison of perfect joint and worst specified joint

Conclusion

Qualitatively:

Specification
Axial Stiffness Much larger than the Actuator axial stiffness
Shear Stiffness
Bending Stiffness Much smaller than the Actuator bending stiffness
Torsion Stiffness

Quantitatively:

Specification
Axial Stiffness > 200 [N/um]
Shear Stiffness > 1 [N/um]
Bending Stiffness < 100 [Nm/rad]
Torsion Stiffness < 500 [Nm/rad]

Flexible Joint Specifications with the APA300ML

Stewart Platform Initialization 

apa = load('./mat/APA300ML.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeFlexibleStrutDynamics(stewart, 'H', 0.03, 'K', apa.K, 'M', apa.M, 'n_xyz', apa.n_xyz, 'xi', 0.1, 'step_file', 'mat/APA300ML.STEP');
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart, 'type_F', 'none', 'type_M', 'none');
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);

references = initializeReferences(stewart);
ground = initializeGround('type', 'none');
payload = initializePayload('type', 'rigid', 'm', 50);
controller = initializeController('type', 'open-loop');
disturbances = initializeDisturbances();
open('stewart_platform_model.slx')

Comparison of perfect joint and worst specified joint

Relative Motion Sensors

Stewart Platform Initialization 

stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
apa = load('./mat/APA300ML.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
stewart = initializeAmplifiedStrutDynamics(stewart, 'Ke', 1.5e6*ones(6,1), 'Ka', 40.5e6*ones(6,1), 'K1', 0.4e6*ones(6,1));
% stewart = initializeFlexibleStrutDynamics(stewart, 'H', 0.03, 'K', apa.K, 'M', apa.M, 'n_xyz', apa.n_xyz, 'xi', 0.1, 'step_file', 'mat/APA300ML.STEP');
flex_joint = load('./mat/flexor_025.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
stewart = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, 'type_M', 'spherical_3dof', ...
                                  'Kr_M', flex_joint.K(1,1)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Ka_M', flex_joint.K(3,3)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kf_M', flex_joint.K(4,4)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kt_M', flex_joint.K(6,6)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'type_F', 'universal_3dof', ...
                                  'Kr_F', flex_joint.K(1,1)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Ka_F', flex_joint.K(3,3)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kf_F', flex_joint.K(4,4)*ones(6,1), ...
                                  'Kt_F', flex_joint.K(6,6)*ones(6,1));
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart);
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);

references = initializeReferences(stewart);
ground = initializeGround('type', 'none');
payload = initializePayload('type', 'rigid', 'm', 50);
controller = initializeController('type', 'open-loop');
disturbances = initializeDisturbances();

Struts with Encoders

Flexible Strut 

apa = load('./mat/strut_encoder.mat', 'int_xyz', 'int_i', 'n_xyz', 'n_i', 'nodes', 'M', 'K');
Total number of Nodes 8
Number of interface Nodes 8
Number of Modes 6
Size of M and K matrices 54
Node i Node Number x [m] y [m] z [m]
1.0 504411.0 0.0 0.0 0.0405
2.0 504412.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0405
3.0 504413.0 -0.0325 0.0 0.0
4.0 504414.0 -0.0125 0.0 0.0
5.0 504415.0 -0.0075 0.0 0.0
6.0 504416.0 0.0325 0.0 0.0
7.0 504417.0 0.004 0.0145 -0.00175
8.0 504418.0 0.004 0.0166 -0.00175
Coordinates of the interface nodes

Stewart Platform 

stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart, 'H', 95e-3, 'MO_B', 220e-3);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart, 'FH', 22.5e-3, 'FR', 114e-3, 'FTh', [   -11,    11, 120-11, 120+11, 240-11, 240+11]*(pi/180), ...
                                       'MH', 22.5e-3, 'MR', 110e-3, 'MTh', [-60+15, 60-15,  60+15, 180-15, 180+15, -60-15]*(pi/180));
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);

stewart = initializeFlexibleStrutAndJointDynamics(stewart, 'H', (apa.int_xyz(1,3) - apa.int_xyz(2,3)), ...
                                                  'K', apa.K, ...
                                                  'M', apa.M, ...
                                                  'n_xyz', apa.n_xyz, ...
                                                  'xi', 0.1, ...
                                                  'Gf', -2.65e7, ...
                                                  'step_file', 'mat/APA300ML.STEP');

stewart = initializeSolidPlatforms(stewart);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart, 'type_F', 'none', 'type_M', 'none');
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart);
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart);
disturbances = initializeDisturbances();
ground = initializeGround('type', 'none');
payload = initializePayload('type', 'rigid', 'm', 1);
controller = initializeController('type', 'open-loop');
references = initializeReferences(stewart);
%% Options for Linearized
options = linearizeOptions;
options.SampleTime = 0;

%% Name of the Simulink File
mdl = 'stewart_platform_model';

%% Input/Output definition
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Controller'],        1, 'openinput');  io_i = io_i + 1; % Actuator Force Inputs [N]
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Stewart Platform'],  1, 'openoutput', [], 'dLm'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Relative Displacement Outputs [m]
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Stewart Platform'],  1, 'openoutput', [], 'Lm'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Force Sensors [N]
%% Run the linearization
G = linearize(mdl, io, options);
G.InputName  = {'F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6'};
G.OutputName = {'Dm1', 'Dm2', 'Dm3', 'Dm4', 'Dm5', 'Dm6', ...
                'D1', 'D2', 'D3', 'D4', 'D5', 'D6'};

/tdehaeze/stewart-simscape/media/branch/master/org/figs/comp_relative_motion_sensor_act_leg_encoder.png