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#+TITLE: Test Bench - Nano-Hexapod Struts
:DRAWER:
#+LANGUAGE: en
#+EMAIL: dehaeze.thomas@gmail.com
#+AUTHOR: Dehaeze Thomas
#+HTML_LINK_HOME: ../index.html
#+HTML_LINK_UP: ../index.html
#+HTML_HEAD: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/css/style.css"/>
#+HTML_HEAD: <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/js/script.js"></script>
#+BIND: org-latex-image-default-option "scale=1"
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#+LaTeX_CLASS: scrreprt
#+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper, 10pt, DIV=12, parskip=full, bibliography=totoc]
#+LATEX_HEADER: \input{preamble.tex}
#+LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA: \input{preamble_extra.tex}
# #+LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA: \bibliography{test-bench-struts.bib}
# #+BIND: org-latex-bib-compiler "biber"
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab :session *MATLAB*
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :comments org
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :exports none
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :results none
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :eval no-export
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :noweb yes
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :mkdirp yes
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :output-dir figs
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :tangle no
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#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :eval no-export
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :exports results
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :mkdirp yes
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :output-dir figs
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :post pdf2svg(file=*this*, ext="png")
:END:
#+begin_export html
<hr>
<p>This report is also available as a <a href="./test-bench-struts.pdf">pdf</a>.</p>
<hr>
#+end_export
#+latex: \clearpage
* Build :noexport:
#+NAME: startblock
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :results none :tangle no
(add-to-list 'org-latex-classes
'("scrreprt"
"\\documentclass{scrreprt}"
("\\chapter{%s}" . "\\chapter*{%s}")
("\\section{%s}" . "\\section*{%s}")
("\\subsection{%s}" . "\\subsection*{%s}")
("\\paragraph{%s}" . "\\paragraph*{%s}")
))
;; Remove automatic org heading labels
(defun my-latex-filter-removeOrgAutoLabels (text backend info)
"Org-mode automatically generates labels for headings despite explicit use of `#+LABEL`. This filter forcibly removes all automatically generated org-labels in headings."
(when (org-export-derived-backend-p backend 'latex)
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(add-to-list 'org-export-filter-headline-functions
'my-latex-filter-removeOrgAutoLabels)
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(setq org-export-before-parsing-hook '(org-ref-glossary-before-parsing
org-ref-acronyms-before-parsing))
#+END_SRC
* Notes :noexport:
** Notes
Prefix for figures/section/tables =test_struts=
To integrate:
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/test-bench-strut-mounting/test-bench-strut-mounting.org][test-bench-strut-mounting]]
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/test-bench-apa300ml/test-bench-apa300ml.org][test-bench-apa300ml]]
- [X] Dynamical measurements (Section 5)
- [X] Simscape model (Section 6)
- [X] Check what are the used Matlab functions
- [X] check [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/test-bench-apa300ml/test-bench-apa300ml.org::*Compare with the FEM/Simscape Model][Compare with the FEM/Simscape Model]] *no, it is only for the APA and not the strut*
- [X] Check [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/test-bench-apa300ml/test-bench-apa300ml.org::*New Measurements - IFF Root Locus][New Measurements - IFF Root Locus]] *no, it is only for the APA and not the strut*
** TODO [#B] Reduce figure sizes
** DONE [#B] Rework mounting procedure section
CLOSED: [2024-04-02 Tue 17:12]
- [X] Use smaller images, maybe one subfigure for all the steps
- [ ] Add some notes to the figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_bench_first_concept
- [ ] Explain clearly the mounting goals (coaxiality, etc.)
- [ ] Speak about the "pin" that is used to align the APA with respect to the flexible joints (initially not used)
** DONE [#C] Add schematic of the test bench with signals
CLOSED: [2024-04-02 Tue 14:25]
- $u$
- $d_e$
- $d_a$
** DONE [#B] Rework flexible mode measurements
CLOSED: [2024-03-25 Mon 16:35]
- [X] Use smaller images, one subfigure for all measurements
** DONE [#B] Make the simscape model work
CLOSED: [2024-03-25 Mon 15:09]
** Effect of the flexible joint
<<ssec:test_struts_effect_joint_stiffness>>
As the struts are composed of one APA and two flexible joints, it is expected that the flexible joint characteristics will change the dynamic behavior of the struts.
Using the Simscape model, the effect of the flexible joint's characteristics on the dynamics as measured on the test bench are studied.
The studied dynamics is between $u$ and the encoder displacement $d_e$.
#+begin_src matlab
% APA Initialization
n_hexapod.actuator = initializeAPA('type', 'flexible', 'd_align_bot', [0.1e-3; 0.5e-3; 0], 'd_align_top', [0.1e-3; 0.5e-3; 0]);
%% Study the effect of the bending stiffness of the Flexible joints
% Tested bending stiffnesses [Nm/rad]
kRs = [3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
% Idenfity the transfer function from actuator to encoder for all bending stiffnesses
Gs_kRs = {zeros(length(kRs), 1)};
for i = 1:length(kRs)
n_hexapod.flex_bot = initializeBotFlexibleJoint(...
'type', '4dof', ...
'kRx', kRs(i), ...
'kRy', kRs(i));
n_hexapod.flex_top = initializeTopFlexibleJoint(...
'type', '4dof', ...
'kRx', kRs(i), ...
'kRy', kRs(i));
G = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
G.InputName = {'u'};
G.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
Gs_kRs(i) = {G};
end
%% Study the effect of the axial stiffness of the Flexible joints
% Tested axial stiffnesses [N/m]
kzs = [5e7 7.5e7 1e8 2.5e8];
% Idenfity the transfer function from actuator to encoder for all bending stiffnesses
Gs_kzs = {zeros(length(kzs), 1)};
for i = 1:length(kzs)
n_hexapod.flex_bot = initializeBotFlexibleJoint(...
'type', '4dof', ...
'kz', kzs(i));
n_hexapod.flex_top = initializeTopFlexibleJoint(...
'type', '4dof', ...
'kz', kzs(i));
G = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
G.InputName = {'u'};
G.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
Gs_kzs(i) = {G};
end
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Plot the obtained transfer functions for all the bending stiffnesses
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
for i = 1:length(kRs)
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_kRs{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', sprintf('$k_R = %.0f$ [Nm/rad]', kRs(i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_e/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(kRs)
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_kRs{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([20, 2e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_effect_flex_bending_stiffness_enc.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'tall');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Plot the obtained transfer functions for all the axial stiffnesses
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
for i = 1:length(kzs)
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_kzs{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', sprintf('$k_z = %.1e$ [N/m]', kzs(i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_e/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(kzs)
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_kzs{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([20, 2e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_effect_flex_axial_stiffness_enc.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'tall');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_effect_flex_stiffness_enc
#+caption: Effect of the flexible joints' bending (\subref{fig:test_struts_effect_flex_bending_stiffness_enc}) and axial (\subref{fig:test_struts_effect_flex_axial_stiffness_enc}) stiffnesses on the strut dynamics from $u$ to $d_e$
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_effect_flex_bending_stiffness_enc}Effect of bending stiffness}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_effect_flex_bending_stiffness_enc.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_effect_flex_axial_stiffness_enc}Effect of axial stiffness}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_effect_flex_axial_stiffness_enc.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The bending stiffness of the joints has little impact on the transfer function from $u$ to $d_e$.
The axial stiffness of the flexible joint has a large impact on the frequency of the complex conjugate zero.
Using the measured FRF on the test-bench, if is therefore possible to estimate the axial stiffness of the flexible joints from the location of the zero.
This method gives nice match between the measured FRF and the one extracted from the simscape model, however it could give not so accurate values of the joint's axial stiffness as other factors are also influencing the location of the zero.
Using this method, an axial stiffness of $70 N/\mu m$ is found to give good results (and is reasonable based on the finite element models).
* Glossary and Acronyms - Tables :ignore:
#+name: acronyms
| key | abbreviation | full form |
|------+--------------+----------------------------------|
| nass | NASS | Nano Active Stabilization System |
| fem | FEM | Finite Element Model |
| apa | APA | Amplified Piezoelectric Actuator |
| dac | DAC | Digital to Analog Converter |
* Introduction :ignore:
The Nano-Hexapod struts (shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_picture_strut) are composed of two flexible joints that are fixed at the two ends of the strut, one acrfull:apa[fn:5] and one optical encoder[fn:6].
#+name: fig:test_struts_picture_strut
#+caption: One strut including two flexible joints, an amplified piezoelectric actuator and an encoder
#+attr_latex: :width 0.8\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_picture_strut.jpg]]
After the strut elements have been individually characterized (see previous sections), the struts are assembled.
The mounting procedure of the struts is explained in Section ref:sec:test_struts_mounting.
A mounting bench was used to ensure coaxiality between the two ends of the struts.
In this way, no angular stroke is lost when mounted to the nano-hexapod.
The flexible modes of the struts were then experimentally measured and compared with a finite element model (Section ref:sec:test_struts_flexible_modes).
Dynamic measurements of the strut are performed with the same test bench used to characterize the APA300ML dynamics (Section ref:sec:test_struts_dynamical_meas).
It was found that the dynamics from the acrshort:dac voltage to the displacement measured by the encoder is complex due to the flexible modes of the struts (Section ref:sec:test_struts_flexible_modes).
The strut models were then compared with the measured dynamics (Section ref:sec:test_struts_simscape).
The model dynamics from the acrshort:dac voltage to the axial motion of the strut (measured by an interferometer) and to the force sensor voltage well match the experimental results.
However, this is not the case for the dynamics from acrshort:dac voltage to the encoder displacement.
It is found that the complex dynamics is due to a misalignment between the flexible joints and the acrshort:apa.
# #+name: tab:test_struts_section_matlab_code
# #+caption: Report sections and corresponding Matlab files
# #+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width 0.6\linewidth :align lX
# #+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t
# | *Sections* | *Matlab File* |
# |--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------|
# | Section ref:sec:test_struts_flexible_modes | =test_struts_1_flexible_modes.m= |
# | Section ref:sec:test_struts_dynamical_meas | =test_struts_2_dynamical_meas.m= |
# | Section ref:sec:test_struts_simscape | =test_struts_3_simscape_model’m= |
* Mounting Procedure
<<sec:test_struts_mounting>>
A mounting bench was developed to ensure:
- Good coaxial alignment between the interfaces (cylinders) of the flexible joints.
This is important not to loose to much angular stroke during their mounting into the nano-hexapod
- Uniform length across all struts
- Precise alignment of the APA with the two flexible joints
- Reproducible and consistent assembly between all struts
A CAD view of the mounting bench is shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_bench_first_concept.
It consists of a "main frame" (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_step_0) precisely machined to ensure both correct strut length and strut coaxiality.
The coaxiality is ensured by good flatness (specified at $20\,\mu m$) between surfaces A and B and between surfaces C and D.
Such flatness was checked using a FARO arm[fn:1] (see Figure ref:fig:test_struts_check_dimensions_bench) and was found to comply with the requirements.
The strut length (defined by the distance between the rotation points of the two flexible joints) was ensured by using precisely machined dowel holes.
#+name: fig:test_struts_mounting
#+caption: Strut mounting bench
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_bench_first_concept}CAD view of the mounting bench}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width \linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_bench_first_concept.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_overview}Exploded view}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width \linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_overview.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
#+name: fig:test_struts_mounting_base_part
#+caption: Main element of the mounting bench for the struts that ensure good coaxiality of the two flexible joints and correct struts length.
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_step_0}Useful features of the main mounting element}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.56\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 4.5cm
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_step_0.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_check_dimensions_bench}Dimensional check}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.43\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 4.5cm
[[file:figs/test_struts_check_dimensions_bench.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The flexible joints were not directly fixed to the mounting bench but were fixed to a cylindrical "sleeve" shown in Figures ref:fig:test_struts_cylindrical_mounting_part_top and ref:fig:test_struts_cylindrical_mounting_part_bot.
The goal of these "sleeves" is to avoid mechanical stress that could damage the flexible joints during the mounting process.
These "sleeves" have one dowel groove (that are fitted to the dowel holes shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_step_0) that will determine the length of the mounted strut.
#+name: fig:test_struts_cylindrical_mounting
#+caption: Preparation of the flexible joints by fixing them in their cylindrical "sleeve"
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_cylindrical_mounting_part_top}Cylindral Interface (Top)}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 4.5cm
[[file:figs/test_struts_cylindrical_mounting_part_top.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_cylindrical_mounting_part_bot}Cylindrlcal Interface (Bottom)}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 4.5cm
[[file:figs/test_struts_cylindrical_mounting_part_bot.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_joints}Mounted flexible joints}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 4.5cm
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_joints.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The "sleeves" were mounted to the main element as shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_step_0.
The left sleeve has a thigh fit such that its orientation is fixed (it is roughly aligned horizontally), while the right sleeve has a loose fit such that it can rotate (it will get the same orientation as the fixed one when tightening the screws).
The cylindrical washers and the APA300ML are stacked on top of the flexible joints, as shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_step_2 and screwed together using a torque screwdriver.
A dowel pin is used to laterally align the APA300ML with the flexible joints (see the dowel slot on the flexible joints in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_joints).
Two cylindrical washers are used to allow proper mounting even when the two APA interfaces are not parallel.
The encoder and ruler are then fixed to the strut and properly aligned, as shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_step_3.
Finally, the strut can be disassembled from the mounting bench (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_step_4).
Thanks to this mounting procedure, the coaxiality and length between the two flexible joint's interfaces can be obtained within the desired tolerances.
#+name: fig:test_struts_mounting_steps
#+caption: Steps for mounting the struts.
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_step_1}Step 1}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.5\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_step_1.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_step_2}Step 2}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.5\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_step_2.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
\bigskip
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_step_3}Step 3}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.5\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_step_3.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mounting_step_4}Step 4}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.5\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mounting_step_4.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
* Measurement of flexible modes
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/test_struts_1_flexible_modes.m
:END:
<<sec:test_struts_flexible_modes>>
A Finite Element Model[fn:3] of the struts is developed and is used to estimate the flexible modes.
The inertia of the encoder (estimated at $15\,g$) is considered.
The two cylindrical interfaces were fixed (boundary conditions), and the first three flexible modes were computed.
The mode shapes are displayed in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mode_shapes: an "X-bending" mode at 189Hz, a "Y-bending" mode at 285Hz and a "Z-torsion" mode at 400Hz.
#+name: fig:test_struts_mode_shapes
#+caption: Spurious resonances of the struts estimated from a Finite Element Model
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mode_shapes_1}X-bending mode (189Hz)}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.85\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mode_shapes_1.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mode_shapes_2}Y-bending mode (285Hz)}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.85\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mode_shapes_2.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_mode_shapes_3}Z-torsion mode (400Hz)}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.85\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_mode_shapes_3.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
<<matlab-dir>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
<<matlab-init>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path-tangle>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<<m-init-other>>
#+end_src
To experimentally measure these mode shapes, a Laser vibrometer[fn:7] was used.
It measures the difference of motion between two beam path (red points in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_meas_modes).
The strut is then excited by an instrumented hammer, and the transfer function from the hammer to the measured rotation is computed.
The setup used to measure the "X-bending" mode is shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_meas_x_bending.
The "Y-bending" mode is measured as shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_meas_y_bending and the "Z-torsion" measurement setup is shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_meas_z_torsion.
These tests were performed with and without the encoder being fixed to the strut.
#+name: fig:test_struts_meas_modes
#+caption: Measurement of strut flexible modes
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_meas_x_bending}X-bending mode}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.85\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_meas_x_bending.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_meas_y_bending}Y-bending mode}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.85\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_meas_y_bending.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_meas_z_torsion}Z-torsion mode}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.85\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_meas_z_torsion.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The obtained frequency response functions for the three configurations (X-bending, Y-bending and Z-torsion) are shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_spur_res_frf_no_enc when the encoder is not fixed to the strut and in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_spur_res_frf_enc when the encoder is fixed to the strut.
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Load Data (without the encoder)
bending_X = load('strut_spur_res_x_bending.mat');
bending_Y = load('strut_spur_res_y_bending.mat');
torsion_Z = load('strut_spur_res_z_torsion.mat');
%% Load Data (with the encoder)
bending_X_enc = load('strut_spur_res_x_bending_enc.mat');
bending_Y_enc = load('strut_spur_res_y_bending_enc.mat');
torsion_Z_enc = load('strut_spur_res_z_torsion_enc.mat');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Plot the responses (without the encoder)
figure;
hold on;
plot(bending_X.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_X_Val, bending_X.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_Y_Val, ...
'DisplayName', 'X-Bending')
plot(bending_Y.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_X_Val, bending_Y.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_Y_Val, ...
'DisplayName', 'Y-Bending')
plot(torsion_Z.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_X_Val, torsion_Z.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_Y_Val, ...
'DisplayName', 'Z-torsion');
text(226, 1.5e-4,{'226Hz'}, 'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
text(310, 6e-5,{'337Hz'}, 'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
text(398, 1.5e-4,{'398Hz'}, 'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
hold off;
set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim([50, 8e2]); ylim([5e-7, 3e-4])
xticks([50, 100, 500]);
legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_spur_res_frf_no_enc.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Plot the responses (with the encoder)
figure;
hold on;
plot(bending_X_enc.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_X_Val, bending_X_enc.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_Y_Val, ...
'DisplayName', 'X-Bending')
plot(bending_Y_enc.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_X_Val, bending_Y_enc.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_Y_Val, ...
'DisplayName', 'Y-Bending')
plot(torsion_Z_enc.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_X_Val, torsion_Z_enc.FFT1_AvSpc_1_RMS_Y_Val, ...
'DisplayName', 'Z-torsion');
text(198, 4e-5,{'198Hz'}, 'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
text(293, 6e-5,{'293Hz'}, 'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
text(381, 1e-4,{'381Hz'}, 'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
hold off;
set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim([50, 8e2]); ylim([5e-7, 3e-4])
xticks([50, 100, 500]);
legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_spur_res_frf_enc.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_spur_res_frf
#+caption: Measured frequency response functions without the encoder ref:fig:test_struts_spur_res_frf and with the encoder ref:fig:test_struts_spur_res_frf_enc
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_spur_res_frf_no_enc}without encoder}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_spur_res_frf_no_enc.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_spur_res_frf_enc}with the encoder}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_spur_res_frf_enc.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
Table ref:tab:test_struts_spur_mode_freqs summarizes the measured resonance frequencies and the computed ones using the acrfull:fem.
The resonance frequencies of the 3 modes are only slightly decreased when the encoder is fixed to the strut.
In addition, the computed resonance frequencies from the acrshort:fem are very close to the measured frequencies when the encoder is fixed to the strut.
This validates the quality of the acrshort:fem.
#+name: tab:test_struts_spur_mode_freqs
#+caption: Measured frequency of the flexible modes of the strut
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width 0.9\linewidth :align Xccc
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t :float t
| *Mode* | *FEM with Encoder* | *Exp. with Encoder* | *Exp. without Encoder* |
|-----------+--------------------+---------------------+------------------------|
| X-Bending | 189Hz | 198Hz | 226Hz |
| Y-Bending | 285Hz | 293Hz | 337Hz |
| Z-Torsion | 400Hz | 381Hz | 398Hz |
* Dynamical measurements
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/test_struts_2_dynamical_meas.m
:END:
<<sec:test_struts_dynamical_meas>>
** Introduction :ignore:
In order to measure the dynamics of the strut, the test bench used to measure the APA300ML dynamics is being used again.
The strut mounted on the bench is shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_bench_leg_overview
A schematic of the bench and the associated signals are shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_bench_schematic.
A fiber interferometer[fn:4] is used to measure the motion of the granite (i.e. the axial motion of the strut).
#+name: fig:test_struts_bench_leg
#+caption: Experimental setup used to measure the dynamics of the struts.
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_bench_leg_overview}Overview Picture}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.32\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 210px
[[file:figs/test_struts_bench_leg_overview.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_bench_schematic}Schematic}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.68\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 210px
[[file:figs/test_struts_bench_schematic.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
First, the effect of the encoder on the measured dynamics is investigated in Section ref:ssec:test_struts_effect_encoder.
The dynamics observed by the encoder and interferometers are compared in Section ref:ssec:test_struts_comp_enc_int.
Finally, all measured struts are compared in terms of dynamics in Section ref:ssec:test_struts_comp_all_struts.
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
<<matlab-dir>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
<<matlab-init>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path-tangle>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<<m-init-other>>
#+end_src
** Effect of the Encoder on the measured dynamics
<<ssec:test_struts_effect_encoder>>
#+begin_src matlab
%% Parameters for Frequency Analysis
Ts = 1e-4; % Sampling Time [s]
Nfft = floor(1/Ts); % Number of points for the FFT computation
win = hanning(Nfft); % Hanning window
Noverlap = floor(Nfft/2); % Overlap between frequency analysis
%% Measure FRF for Strut 1 - No encoder
% Load Data
leg_sweep = load('frf_data_leg_1_sweep.mat', 'u', 'Vs', 'de', 'da');
leg_noise_hf = load('frf_data_leg_1_noise_hf.mat', 'u', 'Vs', 'de', 'da');
% We get the frequency vector that will be the same for all the frequency domain analysis.
[~, f] = tfestimate(leg_sweep.u, leg_sweep.de, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
i_lf = f <= 350; % Indices used for the low frequency
i_hf = f > 350; % Indices used for the high frequency
% Compute FRF function from u to da (interferometer)
[frf_sweep, ~] = tfestimate(leg_sweep.u, leg_sweep.da, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_noise_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise_hf.u, leg_noise_hf.da, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
int_frf = [frf_sweep(i_lf); frf_noise_hf(i_hf)]; % Combine the FRF
% Compute FRF function from u to Vs (force sensor)
[frf_sweep, ~] = tfestimate(leg_sweep.u, leg_sweep.Vs, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_noise_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise_hf.u, leg_noise_hf.Vs, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
iff_frf = [frf_sweep(i_lf); frf_noise_hf(i_hf)]; % Combine the FRF
%% Measure FRF for Strut 1 - With encoder
% Load Data
leg_enc_sweep = load('frf_data_leg_coder_1_noise.mat', 'u', 'Vs', 'de', 'da');
leg_enc_noise_hf = load('frf_data_leg_coder_1_noise_hf.mat', 'u', 'Vs', 'de', 'da');
% Compute FRF function from u to da (interferometer)
[frf_sweep, ~] = tfestimate(leg_enc_sweep.u, leg_enc_sweep.da, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_noise_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_enc_noise_hf.u, leg_enc_noise_hf.da, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
int_with_enc_frf = [frf_sweep(i_lf); frf_noise_hf(i_hf)]; % Combine the FRF
% Compute FRF function from u to Vs (force sensor)
[frf_sweep, ~] = tfestimate(leg_enc_sweep.u, leg_enc_sweep.Vs, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_noise_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_enc_noise_hf.u, leg_enc_noise_hf.Vs, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
iff_with_enc_frf = [frf_sweep(i_lf); frf_noise_hf(i_hf)]; % Combine the FRF
% Compute FRF function from u to de (encoder)
[frf_sweep, ~] = tfestimate(leg_enc_sweep.u, leg_enc_sweep.de, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_noise_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_enc_noise_hf.u, leg_enc_noise_hf.de, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
enc_frf = [frf_sweep(i_lf); frf_noise_hf(i_hf)]; % Combine the FRF
#+end_src
System identification was performed without the encoder being fixed to the strut (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_bench_leg_front) and with one encoder being fixed to the strut (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_bench_leg_coder).
#+name: fig:test_struts_bench_leg_with_without_enc
#+caption: Struts fixed to the test bench with clamped flexible joints. The coder can be fixed to the struts (\subref{fig:test_struts_bench_leg_coder}) or removed (\subref{fig:test_struts_bench_leg_front})
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_bench_leg_coder}Strut with encoder}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.5\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 6cm
[[file:figs/test_struts_bench_leg_coder.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_bench_leg_front}Strut without encoder}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.5\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :height 6cm
[[file:figs/test_struts_bench_leg_front.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The obtained frequency response functions are compared in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_effect_encoder.
It was found that the encoder had very little effect on the transfer function from excitation voltage $u$ to the axial motion of the strut $d_a$ as measured by the interferometer (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_effect_encoder_int).
This means that the axial motion of the strut is unaffected by the presence of the encoder.
Similarly, it has little effect on the transfer function from $u$ to the sensor stack voltage $V_s$ (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_effect_encoder_iff).
This means that the encoder should have little effect on the effectiveness of the integral force feedback control strategy.
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Plot the FRF from u to da with and without the encoder
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
plot(f, abs(int_with_enc_frf), '-', 'DisplayName', 'With encoder');
plot(f, abs(int_frf), '-', 'DisplayName', 'Without encoder');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_a/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-7, 1e-3]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(int_with_enc_frf), '-');
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(int_frf), '-');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_effect_encoder_int.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 600);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Compare the IFF plant with and without the encoders
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
plot(f, abs(iff_with_enc_frf), 'DisplayName', 'With Encoder');
plot(f, abs(iff_frf), 'DisplayName', 'Without Encoder');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $V_s/u$ [V/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ylim([1e-2, 1e2]);
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(iff_with_enc_frf));
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(iff_frf));
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_effect_encoder_iff.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 600);
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_effect_encoder
#+caption: Effect of having the encoder fixed to the struts on the measured dynamics from $u$ to $d_a$ (\subref{fig:test_struts_effect_encoder_int}) and from $u$ to $V_s$ (\subref{fig:test_struts_effect_encoder_iff}). Comparison of the observed dynamics by the encoder and interferometers (\subref{fig:test_struts_comp_enc_int})
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_effect_encoder_int}$u$ to $d_a$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_effect_encoder_int.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_effect_encoder_iff}$u$ to $V_s$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_effect_encoder_iff.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_comp_enc_int}$u$ to $d_e$, $d_a$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_enc_int.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
** Comparison of the encoder and interferometer
<<ssec:test_struts_comp_enc_int>>
The dynamics measured by the encoder (i.e. $d_e/u$) and interferometers (i.e. $d_a/u$) are compared in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_enc_int.
The dynamics from the excitation voltage $u$ to the displacement measured by the encoder $d_e$ presents a behavior that is much more complex than the dynamics of the displacement measured by the interferometer (comparison made in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_enc_int).
Three additional resonance frequencies can be observed at 197Hz, 290Hz and 376Hz.
These resonance frequencies match the frequencies of the flexible modes studied in Section ref:sec:test_struts_flexible_modes.
The good news is that these resonances are not impacting the axial motion of the strut (which is what is important for the hexapod positioning).
However, these resonances make the use of an encoder fixed to the strut difficult from a control perspective.
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
plot(f, abs(enc_frf), 'DisplayName', '$d_e/u$');
plot(f, abs(int_with_enc_frf), 'DisplayName', '$d_a/u$');
text(85, 4e-4, {'93Hz'}, 'VerticalAlignment','middle','HorizontalAlignment','right')
text(200, 1.3e-4,{'197Hz'},'VerticalAlignment','bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
text(300, 4e-6, {'290Hz'},'VerticalAlignment','bottom','HorizontalAlignment','left')
text(400, 4e-7,{'376Hz'},'VerticalAlignment','top','HorizontalAlignment','center')
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ylim([1e-7, 1e-3]);
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(enc_frf));
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(int_with_enc_frf));
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_enc_int.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 600);
#+end_src
** Comparison of all the Struts
<<ssec:test_struts_comp_all_struts>>
#+begin_src matlab
%% Numbers of the measured legs
strut_nums = [1 2 3 4 5];
%% Load the measurement data
% First identification (low frequency noise)
leg_noise = {};
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
leg_noise(i) = {load(sprintf('frf_data_leg_coder_%i_noise.mat', strut_nums(i)), 'u', 'Vs', 'de', 'da')};
end
% Second identification (high frequency noise)
leg_noise_hf = {};
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
leg_noise_hf(i) = {load(sprintf('frf_data_leg_coder_%i_noise_hf.mat', strut_nums(i)), 'u', 'Vs', 'de', 'da')};
end
%% Compute FRF - From u to de (encoder)
enc_frf = zeros(length(f), length(strut_nums));
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
[frf_lf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise{i}.u, detrend(leg_noise{i}.de, 0), win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise_hf{i}.u, detrend(leg_noise_hf{i}.de, 0), win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
enc_frf(:, i) = [frf_lf(i_lf); frf_hf(i_hf)];
end
%% Compute FRF - From u to da (interferometer)
int_frf = zeros(length(f), length(strut_nums));
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
[frf_lf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise{i}.u, leg_noise{i}.da, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise_hf{i}.u, leg_noise_hf{i}.da, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
int_frf(:, i) = [frf_lf(i_lf); frf_hf(i_hf)];
end
%% Compute FRF - From u to Vs (force sensor)
iff_frf = zeros(length(f), length(strut_nums));
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
[frf_lf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise{i}.u, leg_noise{i}.Vs, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[frf_hf, ~] = tfestimate(leg_noise_hf{i}.u, leg_noise_hf{i}.Vs, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
iff_frf(:, i) = [frf_lf(i_lf); frf_hf(i_hf)];
end
#+end_src
The dynamics of all the mounted struts (only 5 at the time of the experiment) were then measured on the same test bench.
The obtained dynamics from $u$ to $d_a$ are compared in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_interf_plants while is dynamics from $u$ to $V_s$ are compared in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_iff_plants.
A very good match can be observed between the struts.
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Plot the FRF from u to de (interferometer)
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, abs(int_frf(:, i)), ...
'DisplayName', sprintf('Leg %i', strut_nums(i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_a/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(int_frf(:, i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_interf_plants.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 600);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Plot the FRF from u to Vs
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, abs(iff_frf(:, i)), ...
'DisplayName', sprintf('Leg %i', strut_nums(i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $V_s/u$ [V/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-2, 1e2]);
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(iff_frf(:, i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_iff_plants.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 600);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Bode plot of the FRF from u to de
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, i)), ...
'DisplayName', sprintf('Leg %i', strut_nums(i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_e/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(enc_frf(:, i)));
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_enc_plants.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 600);
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_comp_plants
#+caption: Comparison of the measured plants
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_comp_interf_plants}$u$ to $d_a$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width \linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_interf_plants.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_comp_iff_plants}$u$ to $V_s$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width \linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_iff_plants.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_comp_enc_plants}$u$ to $d_e$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width \linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_enc_plants.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The same comparison is made for the transfer function from $u$ to $d_e$ (encoder output) in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_enc_plants.
In this study, large dynamics differences were observed between the 5 struts.
Although the same resonance frequencies were seen for all of the struts (95Hz, 200Hz, 300Hz and 400Hz), the amplitude of the peaks were not the same.
In addition, the location or even presence of complex conjugate zeros changes from one strut to another.
The reason for this variability will be studied in the next section thanks to the strut model.
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none
%% Save the estimated FRF for further analysis
save('./matlab/mat/meas_struts_frf.mat', 'f', 'enc_frf', 'int_frf', 'iff_frf', 'strut_nums');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no
%% Save the estimated FRF for further analysis
save('./mat/meas_struts_frf.mat', 'f', 'enc_frf', 'int_frf', 'iff_frf', 'strut_nums');
#+end_src
* Strut Model
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/test_struts_3_simscape_model.m
:END:
<<sec:test_struts_simscape>>
** Introduction :ignore:
The multi-body model of the strut was included in the multi-body model of the test bench (see Figure ref:fig:test_struts_simscape_model).
The obtained model was first used to compare the measured FRF with the existing model (Section ref:ssec:test_struts_comp_model).
Using a flexible APA model (extracted from a acrshort:fem), the effect of a misalignment of the APA with respect to flexible joints is studied (Section ref:ssec:test_struts_effect_misalignment).
It was found that misalignment has a large impact on the dynamics from $u$ to $d_e$.
This misalignment is estimated and measured in Section ref:ssec:test_struts_meas_misalignment.
The struts were then disassembled and reassemble a second time to optimize alignment (Section ref:sec:test_struts_meas_all_aligned_struts).
#+name: fig:test_struts_simscape_model
#+caption: Screenshot of the multi-body model of the strut fixed to the bench
#+attr_latex: :width 0.65\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_simscape_model.png]]
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
<<matlab-dir>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
<<matlab-init>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path-tangle>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path-simscape>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<<m-init-path-simscape-tangle>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<<m-init-other>>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Input/Output definition of the Model
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/u'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % DAC Voltage
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Vs'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Sensor Voltage
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/de'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Encoder
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/da'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Interferometer
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
%% Frequency vector [Hz]
freqs = logspace(1, log10(2000), 1000);
#+end_src
** Model dynamics
<<ssec:test_struts_comp_model>>
#+begin_src matlab
%% Load measured FRF for comparison
load('meas_struts_frf.mat', 'f', 'enc_frf', 'int_frf', 'iff_frf', 'strut_nums');
%% Initialize strut with 2DoF model for the APA300ML and identify the dynamics
n_hexapod = struct();
n_hexapod.flex_bot = initializeBotFlexibleJoint('type', '4dof');
n_hexapod.flex_top = initializeTopFlexibleJoint('type', '4dof');
n_hexapod.actuator = initializeAPA('type', '2dof');
c_granite = 0; % Do not take into account damping added by the air bearing
% Run the linearization
Gs_2dof = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
Gs_2dof.InputName = {'u'};
Gs_2dof.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
%% Initialize strut with "flexible" model for the APA300ML and identify the dynamics
n_hexapod = struct();
n_hexapod.flex_bot = initializeBotFlexibleJoint('type', '4dof');
n_hexapod.flex_top = initializeTopFlexibleJoint('type', '4dof');
n_hexapod.actuator = initializeAPA('type', 'flexible');
c_granite = 100; % Do not take into account damping added by the air bearing
% Run the linearization
Gs_flex = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
Gs_flex.InputName = {'u'};
Gs_flex.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
#+end_src
Two models of the APA300ML are used here: a simple two-degrees-of-freedom model and a model using a super-element extracted from a acrlong:fem.
These two models of the APA300ML were tuned to best match the measured frequency response functions of the APA alone.
The flexible joints were modelled with the 4DoF model (axial stiffness, two bending stiffnesses and one torsion stiffness).
These two models are compared with the measured frequency responses in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model.
The model dynamics from DAC voltage $u$ to the axial motion of the strut $d_a$ (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_int) and from DAC voltage $u$ to the force sensor voltage $V_s$ (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_iff) are well matching the experimental identification.
However, the transfer function from $u$ to encoder displacement $d_e$ are not well matching for both models.
For the 2DoF model, this is normal because the resonances affecting the dynamics are not modelled at all (the APA300ML is modeled as infinitely rigid in all directions except the translation along it's actuation axis).
For the flexible model, it will be shown in the next section that by adding some misalignment between the flexible joints and the APA300ML, this model can better represent the observed dynamics.
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Compare the FRF and identified dynamics from u to Vs and da
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1a = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
plot(f, abs(int_frf(:, 1)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2], ...
'DisplayName', 'FRF');
for i = 2:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, abs(int_frf(:, i)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2], ...
'HandleVisibility', 'off');
end
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_2dof('da', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', ...
'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', '2DoF Model')
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('da', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', ...
'color', colors(2,:), 'DisplayName', 'Flex. Model')
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_a/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ax2a = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(int_frf(:, i)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2]);
end
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_2dof('da', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', 'color', colors(1,:))
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('da', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', 'color', colors(2,:))
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1a,ax2a],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_int.pdf', 'width', 400, 'height', 'tall');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Compare the FRF and identified dynamics from u to Vs and da
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1a = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, 1)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2], ...
'DisplayName', 'FRF');
for i = 2:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, i)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2], ...
'HandleVisibility', 'off');
end
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_2dof('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', ...
'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', '2DoF Model')
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', ...
'color', colors(2,:), 'DisplayName', 'Flex. Model')
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_e/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ax2a = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(enc_frf(:, i)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2]);
end
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_2dof('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', 'color', colors(1,:))
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', 'color', colors(2,:))
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1a,ax2a],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_enc.pdf', 'width', 400, 'height', 'tall');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Compare the FRF and identified dynamics from u to Vs and da
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1a = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
plot(f, abs(iff_frf(:, i)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2], ...
'DisplayName', 'FRF');
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, abs(iff_frf(:, i)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2], ...
'HandleVisibility', 'off');
end
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_2dof('Vs', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', ...
'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', '2DoF Model')
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('Vs', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', ...
'color', colors(2,:), 'DisplayName', 'Flex. Model')
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $V_s/u$ [V/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-2, 1e2]);
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ax2a = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, 180/pi*angle(iff_frf(:, i)), 'color', [0,0,0,0.2]);
end
set(gca,'ColorOrderIndex',1);
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_2dof('Vs', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', 'color', colors(1,:))
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('Vs', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), '-', 'color', colors(2,:))
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1a,ax2a],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_iff.pdf', 'width', 400, 'height', 'tall');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model
#+caption: Comparison of the measured frequency response functions, the multi-body model using the 2 DoF APA model, and using the "flexible" APA300ML model (Super-Element extracted from a Finite Element Model).
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_int}$u$ to $d_a$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_int.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_enc}$u$ to $d_e$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_enc.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_iff}$u$ to $V_s$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_frf_flexible_model_iff.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
** Effect of strut misalignment
<<ssec:test_struts_effect_misalignment>>
As shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_enc_plants, the identified dynamics from DAC voltage $u$ to encoder measured displacement $d_e$ are very different from one strut to the other.
In this section, it is investigated whether poor alignment of the strut (flexible joints with respect to the APA) can explain such dynamics.
For instance, consider Figure ref:fig:test_struts_misalign_schematic where there is a misalignment in the $y$ direction between the two flexible joints (well aligned thanks to the mounting procedure in Section ref:sec:test_struts_mounting) and the APA300ML.
In this case, the "x-bending" mode at 200Hz (see Figure ref:fig:test_struts_meas_x_bending) can be expected to have greater impact on the dynamics from the actuator to the encoder.
#+name: fig:test_struts_misalign_schematic
#+caption: Mis-alignement between the joints and the APA
#+attr_latex: :width 0.8\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_misalign_schematic.png]]
To verify this assumption, the dynamics from the output DAC voltage $u$ to the measured displacement by the encoder $d_e$ is computed using the flexible APA model for several misalignments in the $y$ direction.
The obtained dynamics are shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_y.
The alignment of the APA with the flexible joints has a large influence on the dynamics from actuator voltage to the measured displacement by the encoder.
The misalignment in the $y$ direction mostly influences:
- the presence of the flexible mode at 200Hz (see mode shape in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mode_shapes_1)
- the location of the complex conjugate zero between the first two resonances:
- if $d_{y} < 0$: there is no zero between the two resonances and possibly not even between the second and third resonances
- if $d_{y} > 0$: there is a complex conjugate zero between the first two resonances
- the location of the high frequency complex conjugate zeros at 500Hz (secondary effect, as the axial stiffness of the joint also has large effect on the position of this zero)
The same can be done for misalignments in the $x$ direction.
The obtained dynamics (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_x) are showing that misalignment in the $x$ direction mostly influences the presence of the flexible mode at 300Hz (see mode shape in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mode_shapes_2).
A comparison of the experimental frequency response functions in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_enc_plants with the model dynamics for several $y$ misalignments in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_y indicates a clear similarity.
This similarity suggests that the identified differences in dynamics are caused by misalignment.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Effect of a misalignment in Y-Direction
% Considered misalignment in the Y direction
dy_aligns = [-0.5, -0.1, 0.1, 0.5]*1e-3; % [m]
% Transfer functions from u to de for all the misalignment in y direction
Gs_dy_align = {zeros(length(dy_aligns), 1)};
for i = 1:length(dy_aligns)
n_hexapod.actuator = initializeAPA('type', 'flexible', 'd_align_bot', [0; dy_aligns(i); 0], 'd_align_top', [0; dy_aligns(i); 0]);
G = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
G.InputName = {'u'};
G.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
Gs_dy_align(i) = {G};
end
%% Effect of a misalignment in X-Direction
% Considered misalignment in the X direction
dx_aligns = [-0.1, -0.05, 0.05, 0.1]*1e-3; % [m]
% Transfer functions from u to de for all the misalignment in x direction
Gs_dx_align = {zeros(length(dx_aligns), 1)};
for i = 1:length(dx_aligns)
n_hexapod.actuator = initializeAPA('type', 'flexible', 'd_align_bot', [dx_aligns(i); 0; 0], 'd_align_top', [dx_aligns(i); 0; 0]);
G = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
G.InputName = {'u'};
G.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
Gs_dx_align(i) = {G};
end
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Transfer function from Vs to de - effect of x-misalignment
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
for i = 1:length(dy_aligns)
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_dy_align{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', sprintf('$d_y = %.1f$ [mm]', 1e3*dy_aligns(i)));
end
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'k-', ...
'DisplayName', 'aligned');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_e/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(dy_aligns)
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_dy_align{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))));
end
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'k-');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_effect_misalignment_y.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'tall');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Transfer function from Vs to de - effect of x-misalignment
figure;
tiledlayout(3, 1, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile([2,1]);
hold on;
for i = 1:length(dx_aligns)
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_dx_align{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', sprintf('$d_x = %.1f$ [mm]', 1e3*dx_aligns(i)));
end
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'k-', ...
'DisplayName', 'aligned');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude $d_e/u$ [m/V]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);
hold off;
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
ax2 = nexttile;
hold on;
for i = 1:length(dx_aligns)
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_dx_align{i}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))));
end
plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_flex('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'k-');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Phase [deg]');
hold off;
yticks(-360:90:360); ylim([-180, 180]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
xlim([10, 2e3]);
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/test_struts_effect_misalignment_x.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'tall');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment
#+caption: Effect of a misalignment between the flexible joints and the APA300ML in the $y$ direction (\subref{fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_y}) and in the $x$ direction (\subref{fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_x})
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_y}Misalignment along $y$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_effect_misalignment_y.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_x}Misalignment along $x$}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/test_struts_effect_misalignment_x.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
** Measured strut misalignment
<<ssec:test_struts_meas_misalignment>>
During the initial mounting of the struts, as presented in Section ref:sec:test_struts_mounting, the positioning pins that were used to position the APA with respect to the flexible joints in the $y$ directions were not used (not received at the time).
Therefore, large $y$ misalignments are expected.
To estimate the misalignments between the two flexible joints and the APA:
- the struts were fixed horizontally on the mounting bench, as shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_mounting_step_3 but without the encoder
- using a length gauge[fn:2], the height difference between the flexible joints surface and the APA shell surface was measured for both the top and bottom joints and for both sides
- as the thickness of the flexible joint is $21\,mm$ and the thickness of the APA shell is $20\,mm$, $0.5\,mm$ of height difference should be measured if the two are perfectly aligned
Large variations in the $y$ misalignment are found from one strut to the other (results are summarized in Table ref:tab:test_struts_meas_y_misalignment).
To check the validity of the measurement, it can be verified that the sum of the measured thickness difference on each side is $1\,mm$ (equal to the thickness difference between the flexible joint and the APA).
Thickness differences for all the struts were found to be between $0.94\,mm$ and $1.00\,mm$ which indicate low errors compared to the misalignments found in Table ref:tab:test_struts_meas_y_misalignment.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Measurement of the y misalignment between the APA and the flexible joints
% Mesured struts
strut_nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
% Measured height differences in [mm]
% R ("red" side), B ("black" side)
% R Top B Top R Bot B Bot
strut_align = [[-0.40, -0.60, -0.16, -0.82] % Strut 1
[-0.67, -0.30, -0.34, -0.63] % Strut 2
[-0.07, -0.88, -0.16, -0.79] % Strut 3
[-0.48, -0.46, 0.07, -1.00] % Strut 4
[-0.33, -0.64, -0.48, -0.52]]; % Strut 5
% Verification that the thickness difference between the APA shell and the flexible joints is 1mm
thichness_diff_top = strut_align(:,1) + strut_align(:,2); % [mm]
thichness_diff_bot = strut_align(:,1) + strut_align(:,2); % [mm]
% Estimation of the dy misalignment
dy_bot = (strut_align(:,1) - strut_align(:,2))/2; % [mm]
dy_top = (strut_align(:,3) - strut_align(:,4))/2; % [mm]
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
data2orgtable([dy_bot, dy_top] , {'1', '2', '3', '4', '5'}, {'*Strut*', '*Bot*', '*Top*'}, ' %.2f ');
#+end_src
#+name: tab:test_struts_meas_y_misalignment
#+caption: Measured $y$ misalignment at the top and bottom of the APA. Measurements are in $mm$
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width 0.25\linewidth :align ccc
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t
#+RESULTS:
| *Strut* | *Bot* | *Top* |
|---------+-------+-------|
| 1 | 0.1 | 0.33 |
| 2 | -0.19 | 0.14 |
| 3 | 0.41 | 0.32 |
| 4 | -0.01 | 0.54 |
| 5 | 0.15 | 0.02 |
By using the measured $y$ misalignment in the model with the flexible APA model, the model dynamics from $u$ to $d_e$ is closer to the measured dynamics, as shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_dy_tuned_model_frf_enc.
A better match in the dynamics can be obtained by fine-tuning both the $x$ and $y$ misalignments (yellow curves in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_dy_tuned_model_frf_enc).
This confirms that misalignment between the APA and the strut axis (determined by the two flexible joints) is critical and inducing large variations in the dynamics from DAC voltage $u$ to encoder measured displacement $d_e$.
If encoders are fixed to the struts, the APA and flexible joints must be precisely aligned when mounting the struts.
In the next section, the struts are re-assembled with a "positioning pin" to better align the APA with the flexible joints.
With a better alignment, the amplitude of the spurious resonances is expected to decrease, as shown in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_effect_misalignment_y.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Idenfity the dynamics from u to de - misalignement estimated from measurement
Gs_y_align = {zeros(size(strut_align,1), 1)};
% Measured dy alignment
strut_align = 1e-3*[[-0.60, -0.82, -0.40, -0.16]
[-0.30, -0.63, -0.67, -0.34]
[-0.88, -0.79, -0.07, -0.16]
[-0.48, 0.07, -0.46, -1.00]
[-0.33, -0.48, -0.64, -0.52]
[-0.34, -0.42, -0.63, -0.57]];
for i = 1:size(strut_align,1)
n_hexapod.actuator = initializeAPA('type', 'flexible', ...
'd_align_bot', [0; strut_align(i, 2) - strut_align(i, 4); 0], ...
'd_align_top', [0; strut_align(i, 1) - strut_align(i, 3); 0]);
G = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
G.InputName = {'u'};
G.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
Gs_y_align(i) = {G};
end
%% Idenfity the dynamics from u to de - misalignement tuned to have the best match
d_aligns = [[-0.05, -0.3, 0];
[ 0, 0.5, 0];
[-0.1, -0.3, 0];
[ 0, 0.3, 0];
[-0.05, 0.05, 0]]'*1e-3;
% Idenfity the transfer function from actuator to encoder for all cases
Gs_xy_align = {zeros(size(d_aligns,2), 1)};
for i = 1:5
n_hexapod.actuator = initializeAPA('type', 'flexible', 'd_align_top', d_aligns(:,i), 'd_align_bot', d_aligns(:,i));
G = exp(-s*1e-4)*linearize(mdl, io, 0.0, opts);
G.InputName = {'u'};
G.OutputName = {'Vs', 'de', 'da'};
Gs_xy_align(i) = {G};
end
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Comparison of the plants (encoder output) when tuning the misalignment
figure;
tiledlayout(1, 3, 'TileSpacing', 'Compact', 'Padding', 'None');
ax1 = nexttile();
hold on;
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, 1)), 'DisplayName', 'Measurement');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_y_align{1}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', '$d_y$ from meas');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_xy_align{1}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', 'Tuned $d_x$, $d_y$');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Amplitude [m/V]');
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
title('Strut 1');
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
ax2 = nexttile();
hold on;
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, 2)), 'DisplayName', 'Measurement');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_y_align{2}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', '$d_y$ from meas');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_xy_align{2}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', 'Tuned $d_x$, $d_y$');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); set(gca, 'YTickLabel',[]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
title('Strut 2');
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
ax3 = nexttile();
hold on;
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, 3)), 'DisplayName', 'Measuremnet');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_y_align{3}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', '$d_y$ from meas');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gs_xy_align{3}('de', 'u'), freqs, 'Hz'))), ...
'DisplayName', 'Tuned $d_x$, $d_y$');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); set(gca, 'YTickLabel',[]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
title('Strut 3');
xticks([1e1, 1e2, 1e3]);
linkaxes([ax1,ax2,ax3],'xy');
xlim([10, 2e3]); ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_dy_tuned_model_frf_enc.pdf', 'width', 'full', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_comp_dy_tuned_model_frf_enc
#+caption: Comparison of the frequency response functions from DAC voltage $u$ to measured displacement $d_e$ by the encoders for the three struts. In blue, the measured dynamics is represted, in red the dynamics extracted from the model with the $y$ misalignment estimated from measurements, and in yellow, the dynamics extracted from the model when both the $x$ and $y$ misalignments are tuned
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_dy_tuned_model_frf_enc.png]]
** Proper struts alignment
<<sec:test_struts_meas_all_aligned_struts>>
After receiving the positioning pins, the struts were mounted again with the positioning pins.
This should improve the alignment of the APA with the two flexible joints.
The alignment is then estimated using a length gauge, as described in the previous sections.
Measured $y$ alignments are summarized in Table ref:tab:test_struts_meas_y_misalignment_with_pin and are found to be bellow $55\mu m$ for all the struts, which is much better than before (see Table ref:tab:test_struts_meas_y_misalignment).
#+begin_src matlab
%% Measurement of the y misalignment between the APA and the flexible joints after strut better alignment
% Numbers of the measured legs
strut_align_nums = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
% Measured height differences in [mm]
% R ("red" side), B ("black" side)
% R Top B Top R Bot B Bot
strut_align = [[-0.54, -0.50, -0.50, -0.52] % strut 1
[-0.44, -0.55, -0.49, -0.49] % strut 2
[-0.48, -0.50, -0.50, -0.46] % strut 3
[-0.45, -0.51, -0.51, -0.45] % strut 4
[-0.50, -0.50, -0.50, -0.50] % strut 5
[-0.50, -0.49, -0.43, -0.54]]; % strut 6
% Verification that the thickness difference between the APA shell and the flexible joints is 1mm
thichness_diff_top = strut_align(:,1) + strut_align(:,2); % [mm]
thichness_diff_bot = strut_align(:,1) + strut_align(:,2); % [mm]
% Estimation of the dy misalignment
dy_bot = (strut_align(:,1) - strut_align(:,2))/2; % [mm]
dy_top = (strut_align(:,3) - strut_align(:,4))/2; % [mm]
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports results :results value table replace :tangle no :post addhdr(*this*)
data2orgtable([dy_bot, dy_top] , {'1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6'}, {'*Strut*', '*Bot*', '*Top*'}, ' %.3f ');
#+end_src
#+name: tab:test_struts_meas_y_misalignment_with_pin
#+caption: Measured $y$ misalignment at the top and bottom of the APA after realigning the struts using a positioning pin. Measurements are in $mm$.
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width 0.25\linewidth :align ccc
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t
#+RESULTS:
| *Strut* | *Bot* | *Top* |
|---------+--------+-------|
| 1 | -0.02 | 0.01 |
| 2 | 0.055 | 0.0 |
| 3 | 0.01 | -0.02 |
| 4 | 0.03 | -0.03 |
| 5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 6 | -0.005 | 0.055 |
The dynamics of the re-aligned struts were then measured on the same test bench (Figure ref:fig:test_struts_bench_leg).
A comparison of the initial strut dynamics and the dynamics of the re-aligned struts (i.e. with the positioning pin) is presented in Figure ref:fig:test_struts_comp_enc_frf_realign.
Even though the struts are now much better aligned, not much improvement can be observed.
The dynamics of the six aligned struts were also quite different from one another.
The fact that the encoders are fixed to the struts makes the control more challenging.
Therefore, fixing the encoders to the nano-hexapod plates instead may be an interesting option.
#+begin_src matlab
%% New dynamical identified with re-aligned struts
% Load the identification data
leg_noise = {};
for i = 1:length(strut_align_nums)
leg_noise(i) = {load(sprintf('frf_struts_align_%i_noise.mat', strut_align_nums(i)), 'u', 'Vs', 'de')};
end
% Parameters for Frequency Analysis
Ts = 1e-4; % Sampling Time [s]
Nfft = floor(1/Ts); % Number of points for the FFT computation
win = hanning(Nfft); % Hanning window
Noverlap = floor(Nfft/2); % Overlap between frequency analysis
% Only used to have the frequency vector "f"
[~, f] = tfestimate(leg_noise{1}.u, leg_noise{1}.de, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
% Transfer function from u to de (encoder)
enc_frf_aligned = zeros(length(f), length(strut_align_nums));
for i = 1:length(strut_align_nums)
enc_frf_aligned(:, i) = tfestimate(leg_noise{i}.u, leg_noise{i}.de, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
end
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
%% Bode plot of the FRF from u to de
figure;
hold on;
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, 1)), 'color', [colors(1,:), 0.5], ...
'DisplayName', 'Initial alignment');
for i = 1:length(strut_nums)
plot(f, abs(enc_frf(:, i)), 'color', [colors(1,:), 0.5], ...
'HandleVisibility', 'off');
end
plot(f, abs(enc_frf_aligned(:, 1)), 'color', [colors(2,:), 0.5], ...
'DisplayName', 'With positioning pin');
for i = 1:length(strut_align_nums)
plot(f, abs(enc_frf_aligned(:, i)), 'color', [colors(2,:), 0.5], ...
'HandleVisibility', 'off');
end
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Amplitude $d_e/u$ [m/V]');
legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
xlim([10, 2e3]);
ylim([1e-8, 1e-3]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
exportFig('figs/test_struts_comp_enc_frf_realign.pdf', 'width', 'wide', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:test_struts_comp_enc_frf_realign
#+caption: Comparison of the dynamics from $u$ to $d_e$ before and after proper alignment using the dowel pins
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/test_struts_comp_enc_frf_realign.png]]
* Conclusion
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
<<sec:test_struts_conclusion>>
The Hano-Hexapod struts are a key component of the developed acrfull:nass.
A mounting bench was used to obtain struts with good interface coaxiality, equal lengths, and ideally the same dynamics.
Using a test bench, it was found that while all the mounted struts had extremely similar dynamics when considering the axial motion and the integrated force sensor, the dynamics as seen by the encoder is much more complex and varied from one strut to the other.
Thanks to a acrshort:fem and experimental measurements, the modes inducing this complex dynamics was identified.
The variability in the dynamics was attributed to the poor alignment of the acrshort:apa with respect to the flexible joints.
Even with better alignment using dowel pins, the observed dynamics by the encoder remained problematic.
Therefore, the encoders will be fixed directly to the nano-hexapod plates rather than being fixed to the struts.
* Glossary :ignore:
[[printglossaries:]]
# #+latex: \printglossary[type=\acronymtype]
# #+latex: \printglossary[type=\glossarytype]
# #+latex: \printglossary
* Helping Functions :noexport:
** Initialize Path
#+NAME: m-init-path
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
%% Path for functions, data and scripts
addpath('./matlab/mat/'); % Path for data
addpath('./matlab/src/'); % Path for functions
addpath('./matlab/'); % Path for scripts
#+END_SRC
#+NAME: m-init-path-tangle
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
%% Path for functions, data and scripts
addpath('./mat/'); % Path for data
addpath('./src/'); % Path for functions
#+END_SRC
** Initialize Simscape
#+NAME: m-init-path-simscape
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
addpath('./matlab/STEPS/'); % Path for Simscape Model
%% Linearization options
opts = linearizeOptions;
opts.SampleTime = 0;
%% Open Simscape Model
mdl = 'test_struts_simscape'; % Name of the Simulink File
open(mdl); % Open Simscape Model
#+END_SRC
#+NAME: m-init-path-simscape-tangle
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
addpath('./STEPS/'); % Path for Simscape Model
%% Linearization options
opts = linearizeOptions;
opts.SampleTime = 0;
%% Open Simscape Model
mdl = 'test_struts_simscape'; % Name of the Simulink File
open(mdl); % Open Simscape Model
#+END_SRC
** Initialize other elements
#+NAME: m-init-other
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
%% Colors for the figures
colors = colororder;
#+END_SRC
** =initializeBotFlexibleJoint= - Initialize Flexible Joint
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab: :tangle matlab/src/initializeBotFlexibleJoint.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
<<sec:initializeBotFlexibleJoint>>
*** Function description
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
function [flex_bot] = initializeBotFlexibleJoint(args)
% initializeBotFlexibleJoint -
%
% Syntax: [flex_bot] = initializeBotFlexibleJoint(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args -
%
% Outputs:
% - flex_bot -
#+end_src
*** Optional Parameters
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'2dof', '3dof', '4dof'})} = '2dof'
args.kRx (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*5
args.kRy (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*5
args.kRz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*260
args.kz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*7e7
args.cRx (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
args.cRy (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
args.cRz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
args.cz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
end
#+end_src
*** Initialize the structure
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
flex_bot = struct();
#+end_src
*** Set the Joint's type
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case '2dof'
flex_bot.type = 1;
case '3dof'
flex_bot.type = 2;
case '4dof'
flex_bot.type = 3;
end
#+end_src
*** Set parameters
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
flex_bot.kRx = args.kRx;
flex_bot.kRy = args.kRy;
flex_bot.kRz = args.kRz;
flex_bot.kz = args.kz;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
flex_bot.cRx = args.cRx;
flex_bot.cRy = args.cRy;
flex_bot.cRz = args.cRz;
flex_bot.cz = args.cz;
#+end_src
** =initializeTopFlexibleJoint= - Initialize Flexible Joint
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab: :tangle matlab/src/initializeTopFlexibleJoint.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
<<sec:initializeTopFlexibleJoint>>
*** Function description
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
function [flex_top] = initializeTopFlexibleJoint(args)
% initializeTopFlexibleJoint -
%
% Syntax: [flex_top] = initializeTopFlexibleJoint(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args -
%
% Outputs:
% - flex_top -
#+end_src
*** Optional Parameters
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'2dof', '3dof', '4dof'})} = '2dof'
args.kRx (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*5
args.kRy (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*5
args.kRz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*260
args.kz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*7e7
args.cRx (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
args.cRy (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
args.cRz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
args.cz (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*0.001
end
#+end_src
*** Initialize the structure
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
flex_top = struct();
#+end_src
*** Set the Joint's type
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case '2dof'
flex_top.type = 1;
case '3dof'
flex_top.type = 2;
case '4dof'
flex_top.type = 3;
end
#+end_src
*** Set parameters
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
flex_top.kRx = args.kRx;
flex_top.kRy = args.kRy;
flex_top.kRz = args.kRz;
flex_top.kz = args.kz;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
flex_top.cRx = args.cRx;
flex_top.cRy = args.cRy;
flex_top.cRz = args.cRz;
flex_top.cz = args.cz;
#+end_src
** =initializeAPA= - Initialize APA
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeAPA.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
<<sec:initializeAPA>>
*** Function description
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
function [actuator] = initializeAPA(args)
% initializeAPA -
%
% Syntax: [actuator] = initializeAPA(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args -
%
% Outputs:
% - actuator -
#+end_src
*** Optional Parameters
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'2dof', 'flexible frame', 'flexible'})} = '2dof'
% Actuator and Sensor constants
args.Ga (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0
args.Gs (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0
% For 2DoF
args.k (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*380000
args.ke (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*4952605
args.ka (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*2476302
args.c (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*20
args.ce (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*200
args.ca (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = ones(6,1)*100
args.Leq (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = ones(6,1)*0.056
% Force Flexible APA
args.xi (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 0.01
args.d_align_bot (3,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(3,1) % [m]
args.d_align_top (3,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(3,1) % [m]
% For Flexible Frame
args.ks (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 235e6
args.cs (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1e1
end
#+end_src
*** Initialize Structure
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
actuator = struct();
#+end_src
*** Type
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case '2dof'
actuator.type = 1;
case 'flexible frame'
actuator.type = 2;
case 'flexible'
actuator.type = 3;
end
#+end_src
*** Actuator/Sensor Constants
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
if args.Ga == 0
switch args.type
case '2dof'
actuator.Ga = -2.5796;
case 'flexible frame'
actuator.Ga = 1; % TODO
case 'flexible'
actuator.Ga = 23.2;
end
else
actuator.Ga = args.Ga; % Actuator gain [N/V]
end
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
if args.Gs == 0
switch args.type
case '2dof'
actuator.Gs = 466664;
case 'flexible frame'
actuator.Gs = 1; % TODO
case 'flexible'
actuator.Gs = -4898341;
end
else
actuator.Gs = args.Gs; % Sensor gain [V/m]
end
#+end_src
*** 2DoF parameters
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
actuator.k = args.k; % [N/m]
actuator.ke = args.ke; % [N/m]
actuator.ka = args.ka; % [N/m]
actuator.c = args.c; % [N/(m/s)]
actuator.ce = args.ce; % [N/(m/s)]
actuator.ca = args.ca; % [N/(m/s)]
actuator.Leq = args.Leq; % [m]
#+end_src
*** Flexible frame and fully flexible
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case 'flexible frame'
actuator.K = readmatrix('APA300ML_b_mat_K.CSV'); % Stiffness Matrix
actuator.M = readmatrix('APA300ML_b_mat_M.CSV'); % Mass Matrix
actuator.P = extractNodes('APA300ML_b_out_nodes_3D.txt'); % Node coordinates [m]
case 'flexible'
actuator.K = readmatrix('full_APA300ML_K.CSV'); % Stiffness Matrix
actuator.M = readmatrix('full_APA300ML_M.CSV'); % Mass Matrix
actuator.P = extractNodes('full_APA300ML_out_nodes_3D.txt'); % Node coordiantes [m]
actuator.d_align_bot = args.d_align_bot;
actuator.d_align_top = args.d_align_top;
end
actuator.xi = args.xi; % Damping ratio
actuator.ks = args.ks; % Stiffness of one stack [N/m]
actuator.cs = args.cs; % Damping of one stack [N/m]
#+end_src
* Footnotes
[fn:7] OFV-3001 controller and OFV512 sensor head from Polytec
[fn:6] Vionic from Renishaw
[fn:5] APA300ML from Cedrat Technologies
[fn:4] Two fiber intereferometers were used: an IDS3010 from Attocube and a quDIS from QuTools
[fn:3] Using Ansys\textsuperscript{\textregistered}. Flexible Joints and APA Shell are made of a stainless steel allow called /17-4 PH/. Encoder and ruler support material is aluminium.
[fn:2] Heidenhain MT25, specified accuracy of $\pm 0.5\,\mu m$
[fn:1] FARO Arm Platinum 4ft, specified accuracy of $\pm 13\mu m$
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