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@@ -40,38 +40,14 @@ This displacement current flows when charges are added or removed from the plate
</div> </div>
### Introduction {#introduction}
### Charges and Electrons {#charges-and-electrons}
### The electric force field {#the-electric-force-field}
### Field representation {#field-representation}
<a id="figure--fig:morrison16-E-field-charge"></a> <a id="figure--fig:morrison16-E-field-charge"></a>
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_E_field_charge.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 1: </span>The force field lines around a positively chaged conducting sphere" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_E_field_charge.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 1: </span>The force field lines around a positively chaged conducting sphere" >}}
### The definition of voltage {#the-definition-of-voltage}
### Equipotential surfaces {#equipotential-surfaces}
### The force field or \\(E\\) field between two conducting plates {#the-force-field-or-e-field-between-two-conducting-plates}
<a id="figure--fig:morrison16-force-field-plates"></a> <a id="figure--fig:morrison16-force-field-plates"></a>
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_force_field_plates.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 2: </span>The force field between two conducting plates with equal and opposite charges and spacing distance \\(h\\)" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_force_field_plates.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 2: </span>The force field between two conducting plates with equal and opposite charges and spacing distance \\(h\\)" >}}
### Electric field patterns {#electric-field-patterns}
<a id="figure--fig:morrison16-electric-field-ground-plane"></a> <a id="figure--fig:morrison16-electric-field-ground-plane"></a>
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_electric_field_ground_plane.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 3: </span>The electric field pattern of one circuit trace and two circuit traces over a ground plane" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_electric_field_ground_plane.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 3: </span>The electric field pattern of one circuit trace and two circuit traces over a ground plane" >}}
@@ -80,44 +56,11 @@ This displacement current flows when charges are added or removed from the plate
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_electric_field_shielded_conductor.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 4: </span>Field configuration around a shielded conductor" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_electric_field_shielded_conductor.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 4: </span>Field configuration around a shielded conductor" >}}
### The energy stored in an electric field {#the-energy-stored-in-an-electric-field}
### Dielectrics {#dielectrics}
### The \\(D\\) field {#the-d-field}
<a id="figure--fig:morrison16-E-D-fields"></a> <a id="figure--fig:morrison16-E-D-fields"></a>
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_E_D_fields.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 5: </span>The electric field pattern in the presence of a dielectric" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_E_D_fields.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 5: </span>The electric field pattern in the presence of a dielectric" >}}
### Capacitance {#capacitance}
### Mutual capacitance {#mutual-capacitance}
### Displacement current {#displacement-current}
### Energy stored in a capacitor {#energy-stored-in-a-capacitor}
### Forces in the electric field {#forces-in-the-electric-field}
### Capacitors {#capacitors}
### Dielectric absorption {#dielectric-absorption}
### Resistance of plane conductors {#resistance-of-plane-conductors}
## Magnetics {#magnetics} ## Magnetics {#magnetics}
<div class="sum"> <div class="sum">
@@ -325,87 +268,6 @@ Radiation occurs at the leading edge of a wave as it moves down the transmission
</div> </div>
### Introduction {#introduction}
### The Transport of Electrical Energy {#the-transport-of-electrical-energy}
### Transmission Lines–Introduction {#transmission-lines-introduction}
### Transmission Line Operations {#transmission-line-operations}
### Transmission line field patterns {#transmission-line-field-patterns}
### A terminated transmission line {#a-terminated-transmission-line}
### The unterminated transmission line {#the-unterminated-transmission-line}
### A short circuit termination {#a-short-circuit-termination}
### The real world {#the-real-world}
### Sine waves versus step voltages {#sine-waves-versus-step-voltages}
### A bit of history {#a-bit-of-history}
### Ideal conditions {#ideal-conditions}
### Reflection and tramission coefficients {#reflection-and-tramission-coefficients}
### Taking energy from an ideal energy source {#taking-energy-from-an-ideal-energy-source}
### A capacitor as a transmission line {#a-capacitor-as-a-transmission-line}
### Decoupling capacitors and natural frequencies {#decoupling-capacitors-and-natural-frequencies}
### Printed circuit boards {#printed-circuit-boards}
### Two-layer logic boards {#two-layer-logic-boards}
### Vars {#vars}
### The termination of transmission lines {#the-termination-of-transmission-lines}
### Energy in the ground/power plane capacitance {#energy-in-the-ground-power-plane-capacitance}
### Poynting's vector {#poynting-s-vector}
### Skin effect {#skin-effect}
### Measurement problems: ground bounce {#measurement-problems-ground-bounce}
### Balance transmission {#balance-transmission}
### Ribbon cable and connectors {#ribbon-cable-and-connectors}
### Interfacing analog and digital circuits {#interfacing-analog-and-digital-circuits}
## Analog Circuits {#analog-circuits} ## Analog Circuits {#analog-circuits}
<div class="sum"> <div class="sum">
@@ -548,9 +410,6 @@ Note that the secondary coil is connected to the circuit common conductor.
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_power_transformer_enclosure.png" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 12: </span>A power transformer added to the circuit enclosure" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_power_transformer_enclosure.png" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 12: </span>A power transformer added to the circuit enclosure" >}}
### The two-ground problem {#the-two-ground-problem}
### Instrumentation and the two-ground problem {#instrumentation-and-the-two-ground-problem} ### Instrumentation and the two-ground problem {#instrumentation-and-the-two-ground-problem}
The basic analog problem is to condition a signal associated with one ground reference potential and transport this signal to a second ground reference potential without adding interference. The basic analog problem is to condition a signal associated with one ground reference potential and transport this signal to a second ground reference potential without adding interference.
@@ -560,15 +419,6 @@ The basic analog problem is to condition a signal associated with one ground ref
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_two_ground_problem.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 13: </span>The two-circuit enclosures used to transport signals between grounds" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_two_ground_problem.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 13: </span>The two-circuit enclosures used to transport signals between grounds" >}}
### Strain-gauge instrumentation {#strain-gauge-instrumentation}
### The floating strain-gauge {#the-floating-strain-gauge}
### The thermocouple {#the-thermocouple}
### The basic low-gain differential amplifier (forward referencing amplifier) {#the-basic-low-gain-differential-amplifier--forward-referencing-amplifier} ### The basic low-gain differential amplifier (forward referencing amplifier) {#the-basic-low-gain-differential-amplifier--forward-referencing-amplifier}
<a id="figure--fig:morrison16-low-gain-diff-amp"></a> <a id="figure--fig:morrison16-low-gain-diff-amp"></a>
@@ -576,15 +426,6 @@ The basic analog problem is to condition a signal associated with one ground ref
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_low_gain_diff_amp.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 14: </span>The low-gain differential amplifier applied to the two-ground problem" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_low_gain_diff_amp.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 14: </span>The low-gain differential amplifier applied to the two-ground problem" >}}
### Shielding in power transformers {#shielding-in-power-transformers}
### Calibration and interference {#calibration-and-interference}
### The guard shield above 100kHz {#the-guard-shield-above-100khz}
### Signal flow paths in analog circuits {#signal-flow-paths-in-analog-circuits} ### Signal flow paths in analog circuits {#signal-flow-paths-in-analog-circuits}
<div class="important"> <div class="important">
@@ -605,12 +446,6 @@ Here are a few rule that will help in analog board layout:
</div> </div>
### Parallel active components {#parallel-active-components}
### Feedback stability - Introduction {#feedback-stability-introduction}
### Feedback theory {#feedback-theory} ### Feedback theory {#feedback-theory}
<a id="figure--fig:morrison16-basic-feedback-circuit"></a> <a id="figure--fig:morrison16-basic-feedback-circuit"></a>
@@ -622,21 +457,6 @@ Here are a few rule that will help in analog board layout:
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_LR_stabilizing_network.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 16: </span>An LR-stabilizing network" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_LR_stabilizing_network.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 16: </span>An LR-stabilizing network" >}}
### Output loads and circuit stability {#output-loads-and-circuit-stability}
### Feedback around a power stage {#feedback-around-a-power-stage}
### Constant current loops {#constant-current-loops}
### Filters and aliasing errors {#filters-and-aliasing-errors}
### Isolation and DC-to-DC converters {#isolation-and-dc-to-dc-converters}
### Charge converter basics {#charge-converter-basics} ### Charge converter basics {#charge-converter-basics}
In vibration analysis, piezoelectric sensors are used which are electrically equivalent to a capacitor. In vibration analysis, piezoelectric sensors are used which are electrically equivalent to a capacitor.
@@ -677,18 +497,6 @@ It converts a charge signal to a voltage.
{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_charge_amplifier_feedback_resistor.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 18: </span>The resistor feedback arrangement to control the low-frequency response" >}} {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_charge_amplifier_feedback_resistor.svg" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 18: </span>The resistor feedback arrangement to control the low-frequency response" >}}
### DC power supplies {#dc-power-supplies}
### Guard rings {#guard-rings}
### Thermocouple effects {#thermocouple-effects}
### Some thoughts on instrumentation {#some-thoughts-on-instrumentation}
## Utility Power and Facility Grounding {#utility-power-and-facility-grounding} ## Utility Power and Facility Grounding {#utility-power-and-facility-grounding}
<div class="sum"> <div class="sum">
@@ -711,136 +519,6 @@ Solar winds can disrupt power distribution and damage oil pipelines.
</div> </div>
### Introduction {#introduction}
### Semantics {#semantics}
Here are the key words used by a power engineer as defined by the NEC:
Ground
:
Equipment ground
:
The grounded conductor
:
The ungrounded conductor
:
Neutral
:
Isolated ground
:
Service entrance
:
Grounding electrode system
:
Feeder circuit
:
Branch circuit
:
Separately derived power
:
Listed equipment
:
### Utility power {#utility-power}
### The earth as a conductor {#the-earth-as-a-conductor}
### The neutral conneciton to earth {#the-neutral-conneciton-to-earth}
### Group potential differences {#group-potential-differences}
### Field coupling to power conductors {#field-coupling-to-power-conductors}
### Neutral conductors {#neutral-conductors}
### \\(k\\) factor in transformers {#k-factor-in-transformers}
### Power factor correction {#power-factor-correction}
### Ungrounded power {#ungrounded-power}
### A request for power {#a-request-for-power}
### Earth power currents {#earth-power-currents}
### Line filters {#line-filters}
### Isolated grounds {#isolated-grounds}
### Facility ground - Some history {#facility-ground-some-history}
### Ground planes in facilities {#ground-planes-in-facilities}
### Other ground planes {#other-ground-planes}
### Ground planes at remote sites {#ground-planes-at-remote-sites}
### Extending ground planes {#extending-ground-planes}
### Lightning {#lightning}
### Lightning and facilities {#lightning-and-facilities}
### Lightning protection for boats and ships {#lightning-protection-for-boats-and-ships}
### Grounding of boats and ships at dock {#grounding-of-boats-and-ships-at-dock}
### Aircraft grounding (fueling) {#aircraft-grounding--fueling}
### Ground Fault Interruption (GFI) {#ground-fault-interruption--gfi}
### Isolation transformers {#isolation-transformers}
## Radiation {#radiation} ## Radiation {#radiation}
<div class="sum"> <div class="sum">
@@ -860,45 +538,6 @@ Simple tools for locating sources of radiation are suggested.
</div> </div>
### Handling radiation and susceptibility {#handling-radiation-and-susceptibility}
### Radiation {#radiation}
### Sine waves and transmission lines {#sine-waves-and-transmission-lines}
### Approximations for pulses and square waves {#approximations-for-pulses-and-square-waves}
### Radiation from components {#radiation-from-components}
### The dipole antenna {#the-dipole-antenna}
### Wave impedance {#wave-impedance}
### Field strength and antenna gain {#field-strength-and-antenna-gain}
### Radiation from loops {#radiation-from-loops}
### E-field coupling to a loop {#e-field-coupling-to-a-loop}
### Radiation from printed circuit boards {#radiation-from-printed-circuit-boards}
### The sniffer and the antenna {#the-sniffer-and-the-antenna}
### Microwave ovens {#microwave-ovens}
## Shielding from Radiation {#shielding-from-radiation} ## Shielding from Radiation {#shielding-from-radiation}
<div class="sum"> <div class="sum">
@@ -951,72 +590,6 @@ The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is a function of the conduct
To transport RF power without reflections, the source impedance and the terminating impedance must match the line impedance. To transport RF power without reflections, the source impedance and the terminating impedance must match the line impedance.
### Low-noise cables {#low-noise-cables}
### Transfer impedance {#transfer-impedance}
### Waveguides {#waveguides}
### Electromagnetic fields over a ground plane {#electromagnetic-fields-over-a-ground-plane}
### Fields and conductors {#fields-and-conductors}
### Conductive enclosures - Introduction {#conductive-enclosures-introduction}
### Coupling through enclosure walls by an induction fields {#coupling-through-enclosure-walls-by-an-induction-fields}
### Reflection and absorption of field energy at a conducting surface {#reflection-and-absorption-of-field-energy-at-a-conducting-surface}
### Independent apertures {#independent-apertures}
### Dependent apertures {#dependent-apertures}
### Honeycombs {#honeycombs}
### Summing field penetrations {#summing-field-penetrations}
### Power line filters {#power-line-filters}
### Backshell connectors {#backshell-connectors}
### H-field coupling {#h-field-coupling}
### Gaskets {#gaskets}
### Finger stock {#finger-stock}
### Glass apertures {#glass-apertures}
### Guarding large transistors {#guarding-large-transistors}
### Mounting components on surfaces {#mounting-components-on-surfaces}
### Zappers {#zappers}
### Shielded and screen rooms {#shielded-and-screen-rooms}
## Bibliography {#bibliography} ## Bibliography {#bibliography}
<style>.csl-entry{text-indent: -1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em;}</style><div class="csl-bib-body"> <style>.csl-entry{text-indent: -1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em;}</style><div class="csl-bib-body">