Update Content - 2021-04-13

content/phdthesis/rankers98_machin.md

@@ -5,11 +5,10 @@ draft = false
 +++
 
 Tags
-:
+: [Finite Element Model]({{< relref "finite_element_model" >}})
-
 
 Reference
-: ([Rankers 1998](#org2a286fc))
+: ([Rankers 1998](#orgce7714c))
 
 Author(s)
 : Rankers, A. M.
@@ -17,75 +16,76 @@ Author(s)
 Year
 : 1998
 
-**Summary**:
 
-> Despite the fact, that mechanical vibrations in a servo device can be very complex and often involve the motion of many components of the system, there are three fundamental mechanisms that are often observed.
+## Summary {#summary}
-> These there basic dynamic phenomena can be indicated by:
+
->
+Despite the fact, that mechanical vibrations in a servo device can be very complex and often involve the motion of many components of the system, there are three fundamental mechanisms that are often observed.
-> -   _Actuator flexibility_: the mechanical system does not behave as one rigid body, due to flexibility between the location at which the servo force is applied and the actual point that needs to be positioned
+These there basic dynamic phenomena can be indicated by:
-> -   _Guiding system flexibility_: the device usually rely on the guiding system to suppress motion in an undesired direction
+
-> -   _Limited mass and stiffness of the stationary machine part_: the reaction force that comes with the driving force will introduce a motion of the "stationary" part of the mechanical system
+-   _Actuator flexibility_: the mechanical system does not behave as one rigid body, due to flexibility between the location at which the servo force is applied and the actual point that needs to be positioned
->
+-   _Guiding system flexibility_: the device usually rely on the guiding system to suppress motion in an undesired direction
-> Whereas the first two phenomena mainly affect the stability of the control loop, the last phenomena manifests itself more often as a dynamic positional error in the set-point response.
+-   _Limited mass and stiffness of the stationary machine part_: the reaction force that comes with the driving force will introduce a motion of the "stationary" part of the mechanical system
->
+
-> A tool that can be very useful in understanding the nature of more complex resonance phenomena and the underlying motion of the mechanical system, is "Modal Analysis".
+Whereas the first two phenomena mainly affect the stability of the control loop, the last phenomena manifests itself more often as a dynamic positional error in the set-point response.
-> Translating the mathematics of one single decoupled "modal" equation into a graphical representation, which includes all relevant data such as (effective) modal mass and stiffness plus the motion of each physical DoF, facilitates a better understanding of the modal concept.
+
-> It enables a very intuitive link between the modal and the physical domain, and thus leads to a more creative use of "modal analysis" without the complications of the mathematical formalism.
+A tool that can be very useful in understanding the nature of more complex resonance phenomena and the underlying motion of the mechanical system, is "Modal Analysis".
->
+Translating the mathematics of one single decoupled "modal" equation into a graphical representation, which includes all relevant data such as (effective) modal mass and stiffness plus the motion of each physical DoF, facilitates a better understanding of the modal concept.
-> Dynamic phenomena of the mechanics in a servo positioning device can lead to stability problems of the control loop.
+It enables a very intuitive link between the modal and the physical domain, and thus leads to a more creative use of "modal analysis" without the complications of the mathematical formalism.
-> Therefore it is important to investigate the frequency response (\\(x/F\\)), which characterizes the dynamics of the mechanical system, and especially the influence of mechanical resonances on it.
+
-> Once the behavior of one individual mode is fully understood it is not so difficult to construct this frequency response and the interaction between the rigid-body motion of the device, and the dynamics of one additional mode.
+Dynamic phenomena of the mechanics in a servo positioning device can lead to stability problems of the control loop.
-> This leads to four interaction patterns:
+Therefore it is important to investigate the frequency response (\\(x/F\\)), which characterizes the dynamics of the mechanical system, and especially the influence of mechanical resonances on it.
->
+Once the behavior of one individual mode is fully understood it is not so difficult to construct this frequency response and the interaction between the rigid-body motion of the device, and the dynamics of one additional mode.
-> -   -2 slope / zero / pole / -2 slope
+This leads to four interaction patterns:
-> -   -2 slope / pole / zero / -2 slope
+
-> -   -2 slope / pole / -4 slope
+-   -2 slope / zero / pole / -2 slope
-> -   -2 slope / pole / -2 slope (non-minimum phase and rarely occurring)
+-   -2 slope / pole / zero / -2 slope
->
+-   -2 slope / pole / -4 slope
-> It is not possible to judge the potential destabilizing effect of each of the typical characteristics without considering the frequency of the resonance in relation to the envisaged bandwidth of the control loop.
+-   -2 slope / pole / -2 slope (non-minimum phase and rarely occurring)
-> The phase plot of a typical open loop frequency response of a PID controlled positioning device without mechanical resonances can be divided into three frequency ranges:
+
->
+It is not possible to judge the potential destabilizing effect of each of the typical characteristics without considering the frequency of the resonance in relation to the envisaged bandwidth of the control loop.
-> -   at low frequencies, the phase lies below -180 deg due to integrator action of the controller
+The phase plot of a typical open loop frequency response of a PID controlled positioning device without mechanical resonances can be divided into three frequency ranges:
-> -   at medium frequency (centered by the bandwidth frequency), the phase lies above -180 deg due to the differential action of the controller, which is necessary in order to achieve a stable position control-loop
+
-> -   at high frequencies, the phase eventually drops again below -180 deg due to additional low-pass filtering
+-   at low frequencies, the phase lies below -180 deg due to integrator action of the controller
->
+-   at medium frequency (centered by the bandwidth frequency), the phase lies above -180 deg due to the differential action of the controller, which is necessary in order to achieve a stable position control-loop
-> The potential destabilizing effect of each of the three typical characteristics can be judged in relation to the frequency range.
+-   at high frequencies, the phase eventually drops again below -180 deg due to additional low-pass filtering
-> Whether instability occurs depends very strongly on the resonance amplitude and damping of the additional mode.
+
->
+The potential destabilizing effect of each of the three typical characteristics can be judged in relation to the frequency range.
-> -   A -2 slope / zero / pole / -2 slope characteristics leads to a phase lead and is therefore potentially destabilizing in the low-frequency and high frequency regions.
+Whether instability occurs depends very strongly on the resonance amplitude and damping of the additional mode.
->     In the medium frequency region it adds an extra phase leads to the already existing margin, which does not harm the stability.
+
-> -   A -2 slope / pole / zero / -2 slope combination has the reverse effect.
+-   A -2 slope / zero / pole / -2 slope characteristics leads to a phase lead and is therefore potentially destabilizing in the low-frequency and high frequency regions.
->     It is potentially destabilizing in the medium-frequency range and is harmless in the low and high frequency ranges.
+    In the medium frequency region it adds an extra phase leads to the already existing margin, which does not harm the stability.
-> -   The -2 slope / poles / -4 slope behavior always has a devastating effect on the stability of the loop if located in the low or medium frequency range.
+-   A -2 slope / pole / zero / -2 slope combination has the reverse effect.
->
+    It is potentially destabilizing in the medium-frequency range and is harmless in the low and high frequency ranges.
-> On the basis of these considerations, it is possible to give design guidelines for servo positioning devices.
+-   The -2 slope / poles / -4 slope behavior always has a devastating effect on the stability of the loop if located in the low or medium frequency range.
->
+
-> The subject of machine dynamics and its interaction with the control system plays a dominant role in fast and accurate positioning devices, so it is vital to consider these issues during the entire design process.
+On the basis of these considerations, it is possible to give design guidelines for servo positioning devices.
-> Modeling and simulation can be adequate tools for that purpose; however, two conditions are crucial to the success:
+
->
+The subject of machine dynamics and its interaction with the control system plays a dominant role in fast and accurate positioning devices, so it is vital to consider these issues during the entire design process.
-> -   usefulness of results
+Modeling and simulation can be adequate tools for that purpose; however, two conditions are crucial to the success:
-> -   speed
+
->
+-   usefulness of results
-> The analysis process has usually a top-down structure.
+-   speed
-> Starting with very elementary simulation models to support the selection of the proper concept, these models should become more refined, just like the product or machine under development.
+
->
+The analysis process has usually a top-down structure.
-> In various project throughout the past years, a three-step modeling approach has evolved, in which the following phases can be distinguished:
+Starting with very elementary simulation models to support the selection of the proper concept, these models should become more refined, just like the product or machine under development.
->
+
-> -   concept analysis
+In various project throughout the past years, a three-step modeling approach has evolved, in which the following phases can be distinguished:
-> -   system analysis
+
-> -   component analysis
+-   concept analysis
->
+-   system analysis
-> In the _concept analysis_ the viability of various concepts is evaluated on the basis of very simple models consisting of a limited number of lumped masses connected by springs.
+-   component analysis
-> Once a concept has been chosen and the first rough 3D sketches become available, a _system analysis_ can be done, based on a limited number of 3D rigid components connected by springs.
+
-> In this phase a lot of important spatial information is added to the model (such as the location of the center of gravity and connecting stiffnessses, plus the location of the driving force and of the sensors).
+In the _concept analysis_ the viability of various concepts is evaluated on the basis of very simple models consisting of a limited number of lumped masses connected by springs.
-> Finally, in the _component analysis_ phase critical components are no longer considered rigid, and their internal dynamics are evaluated via FE modeling.
+Once a concept has been chosen and the first rough 3D sketches become available, a _system analysis_ can be done, based on a limited number of 3D rigid components connected by springs.
-> In cases in which a separate analysis of a critical component is considered insufficient to judge its influence on the overall dynamics, a detailed FE-based description can be used to replace the former rigid description in the system model.
+In this phase a lot of important spatial information is added to the model (such as the location of the center of gravity and connecting stiffnessses, plus the location of the driving force and of the sensors).
->
+Finally, in the _component analysis_ phase critical components are no longer considered rigid, and their internal dynamics are evaluated via FE modeling.
-> In case many parts of the system need to be modeled in great detail, it is not very practical (error-prone, huge model size, time consuming) to build on, single, huge FE model of the entire system.
+In cases in which a separate analysis of a critical component is considered insufficient to judge its influence on the overall dynamics, a detailed FE-based description can be used to replace the former rigid description in the system model.
-> A technique that overcomes these disadvantages is the so-called "sub-structuring technique".
+
-> In this approach the system is divided into substructures or components, which are analyzed separately.
+In case many parts of the system need to be modeled in great detail, it is not very practical (error-prone, huge model size, time consuming) to build on, single, huge FE model of the entire system.
-> Then, after application of a reduction technique which preserves the most dominant dynamic properties, the (reduced) models of the components are assemble to form the overall system.
+A technique that overcomes these disadvantages is the so-called "sub-structuring technique".
-> By doing so, the size of the final system model is reduced significantly.
+In this approach the system is divided into substructures or components, which are analyzed separately.
+Then, after application of a reduction technique which preserves the most dominant dynamic properties, the (reduced) models of the components are assemble to form the overall system.
+By doing so, the size of the final system model is reduced significantly.
 
 
 ## Introduction {#introduction}
@@ -93,31 +93,178 @@ Year
 
 ### General {#general}
 
+In the development of servo-controlled positioning devices, it is essential to consider the effect of the dynamics of the mechanical system on the performance of th overall, because the following effects can be observed:
+
+-   mechanical resonances can endanger the stability of the control loop
+-   vibration of the mechanical system, which are cause by the servo forces during a prescribed motion, can lead to positional errors
+
+To obtain a well-balanced design with respect to the effort in the mechanical design and the control design, one has to adapt a mechatronics approach in which the structural design and the control design are integrated.
+Integrated modelling and simulation of structural and control aspects should be part of the product-creation process of any mechatronic positioning device from the very beginning.
+Such an approach is the only way the enhance the score of success and achieve "first-time-right".
+
 
 ### State of the Art {#state-of-the-art}
 
+In general, the modelling of certain phenomena that take place in a machine can be divided into two major steps:
+
+1.  From reality/design to a physical model
+2.  From the physical model to a mathematical model
+
+In the first step, the real structure of design drawing of a structure needs to be translated into a physical model, which is a simplification of the reality that contains all relations considered to be important to describe the phenomenon.
+Once this physical model has been derived, the second step consists of translating this physical model into a mathematical model which is usually straightforward using adapted software.
+
+The following questions are only seldom addressed:
+
+-   which analysis must be carried out
+-   how should the results be interpreted
+-   what sort of physical model gives a reasonable balance between accuracy and required effort
+
+There is a huge gap between available theory about modal analysis and engineering practice which is also true for the field of control theory.
+The integration of machine dynamics and control system design is also limited.
+The two topics are generally taught by different departments.
+Machine dynamics is an issue addressed by the mechanical engineer, whereas the control system is designed by the electrical engineer.
+
+<div class="important">
+  <div></div>
+
+The lack of integral knowledge of machine dynamics, control and the interaction between these two topics is a serious threshold in finding the optimal solution to a mechatronic design problem.
+
+</div>
+
 
 ### Scope and Purpose {#scope-and-purpose}
 
+This thesis aims at bridging the gap between existing theoretical knowledge in the field of machine dynamics and control, and the practical application of this knowledge during the design of a product or machine.
+
+The idea is to show that a basic understanding of machine dynamics suffices to interpret complex mechanical vibrations.
+Moreover, in combination with basic control theory it is possible to derive the typical patterns that can be observed in an open-loop frequency response of a mechanical servo-system including resonances, and to draw conclusions with respect to the effect of these resonances on the stability of the control loop.
+Based on the idea that the controlled system must satisfy certain disturbance rejection and bandwidth criteria, design guidelines can be given for the mechanical system such that the chance of realizing the required bandwidth without introduction stability problems is maximized.
+By using a step-wise modelling approach it is possible to investigate and predict these phenomena during the design phase, and to make design decisions which take the dynamics and control aspects into account.
+
 
 ### Preview {#preview}
 
+<div class="question">
+  <div></div>
+
+The basic questions that are addressed in this thesis are:
+
+-   What sort of dynamic effects are important in mechatronic devices?
+-   How can the dynamics of a complex system be described and understood?
+-   What is the influence of mechanical resonances on the stability of a control loop?
+-   Which design rules can be given to minimize the destabilizing effect of machine dynamics?
+-   How can one predict the machine dynamics in an industrial way, such that simulation and modelling is experienced as an effective design tool?
+
+</div>
+
 
 ## Mechanical Servo Systems {#mechanical-servo-systems}
 
 
 ### Basic Control Aspects {#basic-control-aspects}
 
+A block diagram representation of a typical servo-system is shown in Figure [1](#org65d822a).
+The main task of the system is achieve a desired positional relation between two or more components of the system.
+Therefore, a sensor measures the position which is then compared to the desired value, and the resulting error is used to generate correcting forces.
+In most systems, the "actual output" (e.g. position of end-effector) cannot be measured directly, and the feedback will therefore be based on a "measured output" (e.g. encoder signal at the motor).
+It is important to realize that these two outputs can differ, first due to resilience in the mechanical system, and second because of geometrical imperfections in the mechanical transmission between motor and end-effector.
+
+<a id="org65d822a"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/rankers98_basic_el_mech_servo.png" caption="Figure 1: Basic elements of mechanical servo system" >}}
+
+The basic ingredient of most feedback control-systems is a PID controller, which is a combination of a proportional gain \\(P\\), and integral control \\(I\\) to enhance steady state behavior, and a derivative action \\(D\\) to improve damping and stability.
+The correction force \\(F\\) is defined by:
+
+\begin{equation}
+F = k\_p \epsilon + k\_d \dot{\epsilon} + k\_i \int \epsilon dt
+\end{equation}
+
+It is illustrative to see that basically the proportional and derivative part of such a position control loop is very similar to a mechanical spring and damper that connect two points (Figure [2](#org63224e1)).
+If \\(c\\) and \\(d\\) represent the constant mechanical stiffness and damping between points \\(A\\) and \\(B\\), and a reference position profile \\(h(t)\\) is applied at \\(A\\), then an opposing force \\(F\\) is generated as soon as the position \\(x\\) and speed \\(\dot{x}\\) of point \\(B\\) does not correspond to \\(h(t)\\) and \\(\dot{h}(t)\\).
+
+<a id="org63224e1"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/rankers98_basic_elastic_struct.png" caption="Figure 2: Basic Elastic Structure" >}}
+
+The resulting spring/damper force is equal to:
+
+\begin{equation}
+F = c (h(t) - x) + d(\dot{h}(t) - \dot{x})
+\end{equation}
+
+Thus, in this example a PD position-control loop can be treated in the same way as a mechanical system with a spring \\(c = k\_p\\) and damper \\(d = k\_d\\).
+The most important difference is the fact that a mechanical spring/damper is a _passive_ element, whereas firstly a control loop is an _active_ element, and secondly the servo forces that are applied between points \\(A\\) and \\(B\\) can be based on a measurement at a different location.
+These properties are very essential since they introduce the issue of **servo stability**, which can be seriously endangered by mechanical resonances.
+
+An important aspect of a feedback controller is the fact that control forces can only result from an error signal.
+Thus any desired set-point profile first leads to a position error before the corresponding driving forces are generated.
+Most modern servo-systems have not only a feedback section, but also a feedforward section, as indicated in Figure [3](#org5cef574).
+
+<a id="org5cef574"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/rankers98_feedforward_example.png" caption="Figure 3: Mechanical servo system with feedback and feedforward control" >}}
+
+In the feedforward section, control signals are derived from the desired output (position, speed and acceleration) using a model of the mechanical servo-system.
+In practice, a feedforward section gives a significant performance improvement in case of point-to-point and tacking applications, but a feedback section will always be necessary.
+First, because the model used in the calculation of the feedforward signal is not a perfect representation of the actual system and second because of the presence of unknown disturbances.
+
+Practicing engineers generally accomplish the feedback design and analysis on the basis of the frequency response.
+One of the major benefits of this approach is the close link to experimental information that can be obtained by exciting the system with sinusoidal inputs and varying frequency and measuring the amplitude and phase of the output.
+Such frequency response can either be plotted using a Bode diagram of a Nyquist diagram.
+
+An engineering approach to stability evaluation is the so-called "Left Hand Rule", which reads:
+
+> If a system contains only stable elements in the open loop, then the closed loop system is stable if the point \\((-1,0)\\) in the Nyquist diagram lies on the left hand side of the open loop response when it is run through in the direction of increasing frequency.
+
+In order to quantify the level of stability, two criteria have been introduced: gain and phase margin which measure how close the open loop response approaches the point \\((-1,0)\\) in the Nyquist diagram.
+
 
 ### Specifications {#specifications}
 
+Specification of a feedback controller is very closely linked to disturbance rejection, especially in modern controllers that incorporate a feedforward section.
+The required performance of the feedback section, which is generally expressed in terms of bandwidth, depends very much on the disturbances that act on the system.
+
+These disturbances can be very different, and vary from application to application:
+
+-   Random floor vibration
+-   Imperfections of the guiding systems
+-   Harmonic excitation forces due to the presence of pumps or ventilators
+-   Acoustic excitation
+
 
 ### Interaction Dynamics and Control {#interaction-dynamics-and-control}
 
+Basically, machine dynamics can have two deterioration effects in mechanical servo systems:
+
+-   Mechanical resonances can endanger servo stability, and thus limit the bandwidth and the amount of disturbance rejection.
+-   Vibrations can lead to positional errors at the end of a set-point motion, or during a tracking motion.
+
 
 ### Three Important Dynamic Effects {#three-important-dynamic-effects}
 
 
+#### Actuator Flexibility {#actuator-flexibility}
+
+<a id="org2877580"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/rankers98_actuator_flexibility.png" caption="Figure 4: Actuator Flexibility" >}}
+
+
+#### Guiding System Flexibility {#guiding-system-flexibility}
+
+<a id="orgabbbd68"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/rankers98_guiding_flexibility_planar.png" caption="Figure 5: Planar actuator with guiding system flexibility" >}}
+
+
+#### Limited Mass and Stiffness of Stationary Machine Part {#limited-mass-and-stiffness-of-stationary-machine-part}
+
+<a id="org7d3b694"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/rankers98_limited_m_k_stationary_machine_part.png" caption="Figure 6: Limited Mass and Stiffness of Stationary Machine Part" >}}
+
+
 ## Modal Decomposition {#modal-decomposition}
 
 
@@ -165,29 +312,29 @@ Year
 
 ## Conclusions {#conclusions}
 
-> Machine dynamics, and the interaction with the control system, plays a dominant role in the performance of fast and accurate servo-controlled positioning devices such as compact disc, wafer-steppers, and component-mounters.
+Machine dynamics, and the interaction with the control system, plays a dominant role in the performance of fast and accurate servo-controlled positioning devices such as compact disc, wafer-steppers, and component-mounters.
->
+
-> "Modal analysis" is a numerical and experimental tool that can be very profitable in understanding the nature of complicated mechanical resonances.
+"Modal analysis" is a numerical and experimental tool that can be very profitable in understanding the nature of complicated mechanical resonances.
-> The mathematics of a single decoupled "modal" equation of motion can be translated into a graphical representation including all relevant data, which simplifies the understanding and creative use of the modal concept.
+The mathematics of a single decoupled "modal" equation of motion can be translated into a graphical representation including all relevant data, which simplifies the understanding and creative use of the modal concept.
-> The introduction of the terms "effective" modal mass and stiffnesses enables a unique link between the modal and the physical domain.
+The introduction of the terms "effective" modal mass and stiffnesses enables a unique link between the modal and the physical domain.
->
+
-> From a servo stability point of view it is essential to investigate the mechanical FRF (\\(x/F\\)) which characterizes the dynamic properties of the mechanical system.
+From a servo stability point of view it is essential to investigate the mechanical FRF (\\(x/F\\)) which characterizes the dynamic properties of the mechanical system.
-> Once the dynamics of the one individual mode is fully understood it is straightforward to construct this FRF and the interaction between the desired rigid body motion and the contribution of one additional mode.
+Once the dynamics of the one individual mode is fully understood it is straightforward to construct this FRF and the interaction between the desired rigid body motion and the contribution of one additional mode.
-> A closer investigation of this interaction reveals that only four interaction patterns exists.
+A closer investigation of this interaction reveals that only four interaction patterns exists.
-> The destabilizing effect of a mechanical resonance depends not only on the resulting typical interaction pattern in the FRF, but also on its frequency in relation to the intended bandwidth frequency of the control loop.
+The destabilizing effect of a mechanical resonance depends not only on the resulting typical interaction pattern in the FRF, but also on its frequency in relation to the intended bandwidth frequency of the control loop.
-> On the basis of these stability considerations, design guidelines for the mechanics of a servo positioning devices are derived, so as to minimize the effect of mechanical vibrations on the stability of the controlled system.
+On the basis of these stability considerations, design guidelines for the mechanics of a servo positioning devices are derived, so as to minimize the effect of mechanical vibrations on the stability of the controlled system.
->
+
-> In view of its importance to the overall performance, the effect of machine dynamics should be monitored during the entire design process through the use of modelling and simulation techniques.
+In view of its importance to the overall performance, the effect of machine dynamics should be monitored during the entire design process through the use of modelling and simulation techniques.
-> However, it is vital for the success of modelling and simulation as a tool to support design decisions, that analysis data are translated into useful information, and that this information is available on time.
+However, it is vital for the success of modelling and simulation as a tool to support design decisions, that analysis data are translated into useful information, and that this information is available on time.
-> This requires a proper balance between accuracy and speed that can best be achieved by a top-down analysis process, which is closely linked to the phases in the design process, and in which the simulation models are step-wise refined.
+This requires a proper balance between accuracy and speed that can best be achieved by a top-down analysis process, which is closely linked to the phases in the design process, and in which the simulation models are step-wise refined.
->
+
-> When many parts of the mechanical system need to be modelled in great detail it is not  to build one, single, huge FE model but rather to apply a so-called "sub-structuring" techniques.
+When many parts of the mechanical system need to be modelled in great detail it is not  to build one, single, huge FE model but rather to apply a so-called "sub-structuring" techniques.
-> The Craig-Bampton approach, which is a component mode technique based on a combination of all boundary constraint modes plus a limited number of fixed interface normal modes, was found to be favorable.
+The Craig-Bampton approach, which is a component mode technique based on a combination of all boundary constraint modes plus a limited number of fixed interface normal modes, was found to be favorable.
-> It has static solution capacity, and the frequency of the highest fixed-interface normal mode gives a good indication of the frequency range up to which the overall system results are valid.
+It has static solution capacity, and the frequency of the highest fixed-interface normal mode gives a good indication of the frequency range up to which the overall system results are valid.
->
+
-> Through the enormous performance drive in mechatronics systems, much has been learned in the past years about the influence of machine dynamics in servo positioning-devices.
+Through the enormous performance drive in mechatronics systems, much has been learned in the past years about the influence of machine dynamics in servo positioning-devices.
 
 
 ## Bibliography {#bibliography}
 
-<a id="org2a286fc"></a>Rankers, Adrian Mathias. 1998. “Machine Dynamics in Mechatronic Systems: An Engineering Approach.” University of Twente.
+<a id="orgce7714c"></a>Rankers, Adrian Mathias. 1998. “Machine Dynamics in Mechatronic Systems: An Engineering Approach.” University of Twente.