Update Content - 2021-02-06

content/book/morrison16_groun_shiel.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Tags
 
 
 Reference
-: ([Morrison 2016](#org7039b1d))
+: ([Morrison 2016](#org51246a2))
 
 Author(s)
 : Morrison, R.
@@ -43,11 +43,65 @@ This displacement current flows when charges are added or removed from the plate
 
 ### Introduction {#introduction}
 
-<a id="org40e5e37"></a>
+<a id="orgfc4c589"></a>
 
 {{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_field_conf.png" caption="Figure 1: Field configurations around a shieded conductor" >}}
 
 
+### Charges and Electrons {#charges-and-electrons}
+
+
+### The electric force field {#the-electric-force-field}
+
+
+### Field representation {#field-representation}
+
+
+### The definition of voltage {#the-definition-of-voltage}
+
+
+### Equipotential surfaces {#equipotential-surfaces}
+
+
+### The force field or \\(E\\) field between two conducting plates {#the-force-field-or--e--field-between-two-conducting-plates}
+
+
+### Electric field patterns {#electric-field-patterns}
+
+
+### The energy stored in an electric field {#the-energy-stored-in-an-electric-field}
+
+
+### Dielectrics {#dielectrics}
+
+
+### The \\(D\\) field {#the--d--field}
+
+
+### Capacitance {#capacitance}
+
+
+### Mutual capacitance {#mutual-capacitance}
+
+
+### Displacement current {#displacement-current}
+
+
+### Energy stored in a capacitor {#energy-stored-in-a-capacitor}
+
+
+### Forces in the electric field {#forces-in-the-electric-field}
+
+
+### Capacitors {#capacitors}
+
+
+### Dielectric absorption {#dielectric-absorption}
+
+
+### Resistance of plane conductors {#resistance-of-plane-conductors}
+
+
 ## Magnetics {#magnetics}
 
 <div class="sum">
@@ -72,33 +126,492 @@ Both fields must be in transition before an electrical energy can be moved.
 </div>
 
 
+### Magnetic Fields {#magnetic-fields}
+
+
+### Ampere's law {#ampere-s-law}
+
+
+### The solenoid {#the-solenoid}
+
+
+### Faraday's law and the induction field {#faraday-s-law-and-the-induction-field}
+
+
+### The definition of inductance {#the-definition-of-inductance}
+
+
+### The energy stored in an inductance {#the-energy-stored-in-an-inductance}
+
+
+### Magnetic field energy in space {#magnetic-field-energy-in-space}
+
+
+### Electron drift {#electron-drift}
+
+
 ## Digital Electronics {#digital-electronics}
 
+<div class="sum">
+  <div></div>
 
-### 3.1. Introduction {#3-dot-1-dot-introduction}
+This chapter shows that both electric and magnetic field are needed to move energy over pairs of conductors.
+The idea of transporting electrical energy in field is extended to traces and conducting planes on printed circuit boards.
+Logic signals are waves that carry field energy between points on the board.
+These waves are reflected and transmitted when different transmission lines are interfaces.
+There are several sources of first energy that play a role in circuit performance.
+These sources are connected logic, the ground/power plane structure, and decoupling capacitors.
+Decoupling capacitors are actually short stub transmission lines that supply energy.
+
+The use of vias in the transmission paths is discussed in detail.
+The fact that energy cannot pass through a conducting plane is stressed.
+Limiting interference coupling in an A/D converter is a problem in keeping analog and logic fields separated.
+Terminating balanced transmission lines is also discussed.
+
+The concept of displacement current and its associated magnetic field is important.
+These ideas show how field energy flows into a transmission line and is placed into capacitance at the leading edge of the wave.
+Radiation occurs at the leading edge of a wave as it moves down the transmission line.
+
+</div>
 
 
-### 3.2. The Transport of Electrical Energy {#3-dot-2-dot-the-transport-of-electrical-energy}
+### Introduction {#introduction}
 
 
-### 3.3. Transmission Lines–Introduction {#3-dot-3-dot-transmission-lines-introduction}
+### The Transport of Electrical Energy {#the-transport-of-electrical-energy}
 
 
-### 3.4. Transmission Line Operations {#3-dot-4-dot-transmission-line-operations}
+### Transmission Lines–Introduction {#transmission-lines-introduction}
+
+
+### Transmission Line Operations {#transmission-line-operations}
+
+
+### Transmission line field patterns {#transmission-line-field-patterns}
+
+
+### A terminated transmission line {#a-terminated-transmission-line}
+
+
+### The unterminated transmission line {#the-unterminated-transmission-line}
+
+
+### A short circuit termination {#a-short-circuit-termination}
+
+
+### The real world {#the-real-world}
+
+
+### Sine waves versus step voltages {#sine-waves-versus-step-voltages}
+
+
+### A bit of history {#a-bit-of-history}
+
+
+### Ideal conditions {#ideal-conditions}
+
+
+### Reflection and tramission coefficients {#reflection-and-tramission-coefficients}
+
+
+### Taking energy from an ideal energy source {#taking-energy-from-an-ideal-energy-source}
+
+
+### A capacitor as a transmission line {#a-capacitor-as-a-transmission-line}
+
+
+### Decoupling capacitors and natural frequencies {#decoupling-capacitors-and-natural-frequencies}
+
+
+### Printed circuit boards {#printed-circuit-boards}
+
+
+### Two-layer logic boards {#two-layer-logic-boards}
+
+
+### Vars {#vars}
+
+
+### The termination of transmission lines {#the-termination-of-transmission-lines}
+
+
+### Energy in the ground/power plane capacitance {#energy-in-the-ground-power-plane-capacitance}
+
+
+### Poynting's vector {#poynting-s-vector}
+
+
+### Skin effect {#skin-effect}
+
+
+### Measurement problems: ground bounce {#measurement-problems-ground-bounce}
+
+
+### Balance transmission {#balance-transmission}
+
+
+### Ribbon cable and connectors {#ribbon-cable-and-connectors}
+
+
+### Interfacing analog and digital circuits {#interfacing-analog-and-digital-circuits}
 
 
 ## Analog Circuits {#analog-circuits}
 
+<div class="sum">
+  <div></div>
+
+This chapter treats the general problem of analog instrumentation.
+The signals of interest are often generated while testing functioning hardware.
+Tests can take place over time, in a harsh environment, during an explosion, during a flight, or in a collision.
+The signals of interest usually have dc content and can be generating from floating, grounded, balanced or unbalanced transducers.
+These transducers may require external balancing, calibration, or excitation.
+Accuracy is an important consideration.
+Where data must be sampled, the signals may require filtering to avoid aliasing errors.
+The general two-ground system is examined.
+Protecting signals using guard shields, transformer shields, and cable shields is described.
+The use of feedback and tests for stability in circuit design is considered.
+Strain-gauge configuration, thermocouple grounding, and charge amplifiers are discussed.
+
+</div>
+
+
+### Introduction {#introduction}
+
+
+### Instrumentation {#instrumentation}
+
+
+### History {#history}
+
+
+### The basic shield enclosure {#the-basic-shield-enclosure}
+
+
+### The enclosure and utility power {#the-enclosure-and-utility-power}
+
+
+### The two-ground problem {#the-two-ground-problem}
+
+
+### Instrumentation and the two-ground problem {#instrumentation-and-the-two-ground-problem}
+
+
+### Strain-gauge instrumentation {#strain-gauge-instrumentation}
+
+
+### The floating strain-gauge {#the-floating-strain-gauge}
+
+
+### The thermocouple {#the-thermocouple}
+
+
+### The basic low-gain differential amplifier (forward referencing amplifier) {#the-basic-low-gain-differential-amplifier--forward-referencing-amplifier}
+
+
+### Shielding in power transformers {#shielding-in-power-transformers}
+
+
+### Calibration and interference {#calibration-and-interference}
+
+
+### The guard shield above 100kHz {#the-guard-shield-above-100khz}
+
+
+### Signal flow paths in analog circuits {#signal-flow-paths-in-analog-circuits}
+
+
+### Parallel active components {#parallel-active-components}
+
+
+### Feedback stability - Introduction {#feedback-stability-introduction}
+
+
+### Feedback theory {#feedback-theory}
+
+
+### Output loads and circuit stability {#output-loads-and-circuit-stability}
+
+
+### Feedback around a power stage {#feedback-around-a-power-stage}
+
+
+### Constant current loops {#constant-current-loops}
+
+
+### Filters and aliasing errors {#filters-and-aliasing-errors}
+
+
+### Isolation and DC-to-DC converters {#isolation-and-dc-to-dc-converters}
+
+
+### Charge converter basics {#charge-converter-basics}
+
+
+### DC power supplies {#dc-power-supplies}
+
+
+### Guard rings {#guard-rings}
+
+
+### Thermocouple effects {#thermocouple-effects}
+
+
+### Some thoughts on instrumentation {#some-thoughts-on-instrumentation}
+
 
 ## Utility Power and Facility Grounding {#utility-power-and-facility-grounding}
 
+<div class="sum">
+  <div></div>
+
+This chapter discusses the relationship between utility power and the performance of electrical circuits.
+Utility installations in facilities are controller by the NEC (National Electrical Code).
+Safety and lighting protection requires that facilities connect their systems to earth.
+Designers of electric hardware use utility power and also make electrical connections to earthed conductors.
+This sharing of the earth connection creates many problems that are considered in this chapter.
+
+Ground planes and isolation transformers can be used to limit interference.
+The role of line filters, equipment grounds, and ground planes in facilities is explained.
+The problems associated with using isolated ground conductors are discussed.
+Lighting protection in facilities and for watercraft is a big safety issue.
+The fact that current cannot enter the water below the water line is considered.
+The battery action that causes the metal on boats to corrode is discussed.
+The grounding methods in the Pacific Intertie are unique.
+Solar winds can disrupt power distribution and damage oil pipelines.
+
+</div>
+
+
+### Introduction {#introduction}
+
+
+### Semantics {#semantics}
+
+
+### Utility power {#utility-power}
+
+
+### The earth as a conductor {#the-earth-as-a-conductor}
+
+
+### The neutral conneciton to earth {#the-neutral-conneciton-to-earth}
+
+
+### Group potential differences {#group-potential-differences}
+
+
+### Field coupling to power conductors {#field-coupling-to-power-conductors}
+
+
+### Neutral conductors {#neutral-conductors}
+
+
+### \\(k\\) factor in transformers {#k--factor-in-transformers}
+
+
+### Power factor correction {#power-factor-correction}
+
+
+### Ungrounded power {#ungrounded-power}
+
+
+### A request for power {#a-request-for-power}
+
+
+### Earth power currents {#earth-power-currents}
+
+
+### Line filters {#line-filters}
+
+
+### Isolated grounds {#isolated-grounds}
+
+
+### Facility ground - Some history {#facility-ground-some-history}
+
+
+### Ground planes in facilities {#ground-planes-in-facilities}
+
+
+### Other ground planes {#other-ground-planes}
+
+
+### Ground planes at remote sites {#ground-planes-at-remote-sites}
+
+
+### Extending ground planes {#extending-ground-planes}
+
+
+### Lightning {#lightning}
+
+
+### Lightning and facilities {#lightning-and-facilities}
+
+
+### Lightning protection for boats and ships {#lightning-protection-for-boats-and-ships}
+
+
+### Grounding of boats and ships at dock {#grounding-of-boats-and-ships-at-dock}
+
+
+### Aircraft grounding (fueling) {#aircraft-grounding--fueling}
+
+
+### Ground Fault Interruption (GFI) {#ground-fault-interruption--gfi}
+
+
+### Isolation transformers {#isolation-transformers}
+
 
 ## Radiation {#radiation}
 
+<div class="sum">
+  <div></div>
+
+This chapter discusses radiation from circuit boards, transmission lines, conductor loops, and antennas.
+The frequency spectrum of square waves and pulses is presented.
+Matching of impedances is required to move energy from a transmission line to an antenna so that it can radiate this energy into free space.
+Common-mode and normal-mode coupling of fields to conductors is considered.
+The concept of wave impedance and its relation to shielding is considered.
+Interference can be analyzed by using a rise-time frequency to represent pulses or step functions.
+
+Effective radiated power from various transmitters is presented.
+The field intensities for lightning and electrostatic discharge are given.
+Loops generate low-impedance fields that are often difficult to shield.
+Simple tools for locating sources of radiation are suggested.
+
+</div>
+
+
+### Handling radiation and susceptibility {#handling-radiation-and-susceptibility}
+
+
+### Radiation {#radiation}
+
+
+### Sine waves and transmission lines {#sine-waves-and-transmission-lines}
+
+
+### Approximations for pulses and square waves {#approximations-for-pulses-and-square-waves}
+
+
+### Radiation from components {#radiation-from-components}
+
+
+### The dipole antenna {#the-dipole-antenna}
+
+
+### Wave impedance {#wave-impedance}
+
+
+### Field strength and antenna gain {#field-strength-and-antenna-gain}
+
+
+### Radiation from loops {#radiation-from-loops}
+
+
+### E-field coupling to a loop {#e-field-coupling-to-a-loop}
+
+
+### Radiation from printed circuit boards {#radiation-from-printed-circuit-boards}
+
+
+### The sniffer and the antenna {#the-sniffer-and-the-antenna}
+
+
+### Microwave ovens {#microwave-ovens}
+
 
 ## Shielding from Radiation {#shielding-from-radiation}
 
+<div class="sum">
+  <div></div>
+
+Cable shields are often made of aluminum foil or tinned copper braid.
+Drain wires make it practical to connect to the foil.
+Coaxial cables have a smooth inner surface that allows for the circulation of current and provide control of characteristic impedance.
+Transfer impedance is a measure of shielding effectivity.
+Multiple shields, low-noise cable, and conduit each have merits that are discussed.
+
+The penetration of fields into enclosures is considered.
+This includes independent and dependent apertures, the wave penetration of conducting surfaces, and waveguides.
+The use of gaskets, honeycombs, and backshell connectors are described.
+Handling utility power, line filters, and signal lines at a hardware interface are discussed.
+Methods for limiting field penetration into and out of a screen are offered.
+
+</div>
+
+
+### Cables with shields {#cables-with-shields}
+
+
+### Low-noise cables {#low-noise-cables}
+
+
+### Transfer impedance {#transfer-impedance}
+
+
+### Waveguides {#waveguides}
+
+
+### Electromagnetic fields over a ground plane {#electromagnetic-fields-over-a-ground-plane}
+
+
+### Fields and conductors {#fields-and-conductors}
+
+
+### Conductive enclosures - Introduction {#conductive-enclosures-introduction}
+
+
+### Coupling through enclosure walls by an induction fields {#coupling-through-enclosure-walls-by-an-induction-fields}
+
+
+### Reflection and absorption of field energy at a conducting surface {#reflection-and-absorption-of-field-energy-at-a-conducting-surface}
+
+
+### Independent apertures {#independent-apertures}
+
+
+### Dependent apertures {#dependent-apertures}
+
+
+### Honeycombs {#honeycombs}
+
+
+### Summing field penetrations {#summing-field-penetrations}
+
+
+### Power line filters {#power-line-filters}
+
+
+### Backshell connectors {#backshell-connectors}
+
+
+### H-field coupling {#h-field-coupling}
+
+
+### Gaskets {#gaskets}
+
+
+### Finger stock {#finger-stock}
+
+
+### Glass apertures {#glass-apertures}
+
+
+### Guarding large transistors {#guarding-large-transistors}
+
+
+### Mounting components on surfaces {#mounting-components-on-surfaces}
+
+
+### Zappers {#zappers}
+
+
+### Shielded and screen rooms {#shielded-and-screen-rooms}
+
 
 ## Bibliography {#bibliography}
 
-<a id="org7039b1d"></a>Morrison, Ralph. 2016. _Grounding and Shielding: Circuits and Interference_. John Wiley & Sons.
+<a id="org51246a2"></a>Morrison, Ralph. 2016. _Grounding and Shielding: Circuits and Interference_. John Wiley & Sons.