Update Content - 2021-02-06
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Tags
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Reference
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Reference
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: ([Morrison 2016](#org7039b1d))
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: ([Morrison 2016](#org51246a2))
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Author(s)
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Author(s)
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: Morrison, R.
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: Morrison, R.
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@ -43,11 +43,65 @@ This displacement current flows when charges are added or removed from the plate
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### Introduction {#introduction}
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### Introduction {#introduction}
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<a id="org40e5e37"></a>
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<a id="orgfc4c589"></a>
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_field_conf.png" caption="Figure 1: Field configurations around a shieded conductor" >}}
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/morrison16_field_conf.png" caption="Figure 1: Field configurations around a shieded conductor" >}}
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### Charges and Electrons {#charges-and-electrons}
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### The electric force field {#the-electric-force-field}
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### Field representation {#field-representation}
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### The definition of voltage {#the-definition-of-voltage}
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### Equipotential surfaces {#equipotential-surfaces}
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### The force field or \\(E\\) field between two conducting plates {#the-force-field-or--e--field-between-two-conducting-plates}
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### Electric field patterns {#electric-field-patterns}
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### The energy stored in an electric field {#the-energy-stored-in-an-electric-field}
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### Dielectrics {#dielectrics}
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### The \\(D\\) field {#the--d--field}
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### Capacitance {#capacitance}
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### Mutual capacitance {#mutual-capacitance}
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### Displacement current {#displacement-current}
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### Energy stored in a capacitor {#energy-stored-in-a-capacitor}
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### Forces in the electric field {#forces-in-the-electric-field}
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### Capacitors {#capacitors}
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### Dielectric absorption {#dielectric-absorption}
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### Resistance of plane conductors {#resistance-of-plane-conductors}
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## Magnetics {#magnetics}
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## Magnetics {#magnetics}
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<div class="sum">
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<div class="sum">
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@ -72,33 +126,492 @@ Both fields must be in transition before an electrical energy can be moved.
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</div>
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</div>
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### Magnetic Fields {#magnetic-fields}
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### Ampere's law {#ampere-s-law}
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### The solenoid {#the-solenoid}
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### Faraday's law and the induction field {#faraday-s-law-and-the-induction-field}
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### The definition of inductance {#the-definition-of-inductance}
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### The energy stored in an inductance {#the-energy-stored-in-an-inductance}
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### Magnetic field energy in space {#magnetic-field-energy-in-space}
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### Electron drift {#electron-drift}
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## Digital Electronics {#digital-electronics}
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## Digital Electronics {#digital-electronics}
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<div class="sum">
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<div></div>
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### 3.1. Introduction {#3-dot-1-dot-introduction}
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This chapter shows that both electric and magnetic field are needed to move energy over pairs of conductors.
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The idea of transporting electrical energy in field is extended to traces and conducting planes on printed circuit boards.
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Logic signals are waves that carry field energy between points on the board.
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These waves are reflected and transmitted when different transmission lines are interfaces.
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There are several sources of first energy that play a role in circuit performance.
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These sources are connected logic, the ground/power plane structure, and decoupling capacitors.
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Decoupling capacitors are actually short stub transmission lines that supply energy.
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The use of vias in the transmission paths is discussed in detail.
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The fact that energy cannot pass through a conducting plane is stressed.
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Limiting interference coupling in an A/D converter is a problem in keeping analog and logic fields separated.
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Terminating balanced transmission lines is also discussed.
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The concept of displacement current and its associated magnetic field is important.
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These ideas show how field energy flows into a transmission line and is placed into capacitance at the leading edge of the wave.
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Radiation occurs at the leading edge of a wave as it moves down the transmission line.
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</div>
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### 3.2. The Transport of Electrical Energy {#3-dot-2-dot-the-transport-of-electrical-energy}
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### Introduction {#introduction}
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### 3.3. Transmission Lines–Introduction {#3-dot-3-dot-transmission-lines-introduction}
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### The Transport of Electrical Energy {#the-transport-of-electrical-energy}
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### 3.4. Transmission Line Operations {#3-dot-4-dot-transmission-line-operations}
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### Transmission Lines–Introduction {#transmission-lines-introduction}
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### Transmission Line Operations {#transmission-line-operations}
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### Transmission line field patterns {#transmission-line-field-patterns}
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### A terminated transmission line {#a-terminated-transmission-line}
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### The unterminated transmission line {#the-unterminated-transmission-line}
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### A short circuit termination {#a-short-circuit-termination}
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### The real world {#the-real-world}
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### Sine waves versus step voltages {#sine-waves-versus-step-voltages}
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### A bit of history {#a-bit-of-history}
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### Ideal conditions {#ideal-conditions}
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### Reflection and tramission coefficients {#reflection-and-tramission-coefficients}
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### Taking energy from an ideal energy source {#taking-energy-from-an-ideal-energy-source}
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### A capacitor as a transmission line {#a-capacitor-as-a-transmission-line}
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### Decoupling capacitors and natural frequencies {#decoupling-capacitors-and-natural-frequencies}
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### Printed circuit boards {#printed-circuit-boards}
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### Two-layer logic boards {#two-layer-logic-boards}
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### Vars {#vars}
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### The termination of transmission lines {#the-termination-of-transmission-lines}
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### Energy in the ground/power plane capacitance {#energy-in-the-ground-power-plane-capacitance}
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### Poynting's vector {#poynting-s-vector}
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### Skin effect {#skin-effect}
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### Measurement problems: ground bounce {#measurement-problems-ground-bounce}
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### Balance transmission {#balance-transmission}
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### Ribbon cable and connectors {#ribbon-cable-and-connectors}
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### Interfacing analog and digital circuits {#interfacing-analog-and-digital-circuits}
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## Analog Circuits {#analog-circuits}
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## Analog Circuits {#analog-circuits}
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<div class="sum">
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<div></div>
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This chapter treats the general problem of analog instrumentation.
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The signals of interest are often generated while testing functioning hardware.
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Tests can take place over time, in a harsh environment, during an explosion, during a flight, or in a collision.
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The signals of interest usually have dc content and can be generating from floating, grounded, balanced or unbalanced transducers.
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These transducers may require external balancing, calibration, or excitation.
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Accuracy is an important consideration.
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Where data must be sampled, the signals may require filtering to avoid aliasing errors.
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The general two-ground system is examined.
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Protecting signals using guard shields, transformer shields, and cable shields is described.
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The use of feedback and tests for stability in circuit design is considered.
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Strain-gauge configuration, thermocouple grounding, and charge amplifiers are discussed.
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</div>
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### Introduction {#introduction}
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### Instrumentation {#instrumentation}
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### History {#history}
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### The basic shield enclosure {#the-basic-shield-enclosure}
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### The enclosure and utility power {#the-enclosure-and-utility-power}
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### The two-ground problem {#the-two-ground-problem}
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### Instrumentation and the two-ground problem {#instrumentation-and-the-two-ground-problem}
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### Strain-gauge instrumentation {#strain-gauge-instrumentation}
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### The floating strain-gauge {#the-floating-strain-gauge}
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### The thermocouple {#the-thermocouple}
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### The basic low-gain differential amplifier (forward referencing amplifier) {#the-basic-low-gain-differential-amplifier--forward-referencing-amplifier}
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### Shielding in power transformers {#shielding-in-power-transformers}
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### Calibration and interference {#calibration-and-interference}
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### The guard shield above 100kHz {#the-guard-shield-above-100khz}
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### Signal flow paths in analog circuits {#signal-flow-paths-in-analog-circuits}
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### Parallel active components {#parallel-active-components}
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### Feedback stability - Introduction {#feedback-stability-introduction}
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### Feedback theory {#feedback-theory}
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### Output loads and circuit stability {#output-loads-and-circuit-stability}
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### Feedback around a power stage {#feedback-around-a-power-stage}
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### Constant current loops {#constant-current-loops}
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### Filters and aliasing errors {#filters-and-aliasing-errors}
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### Isolation and DC-to-DC converters {#isolation-and-dc-to-dc-converters}
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### Charge converter basics {#charge-converter-basics}
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### DC power supplies {#dc-power-supplies}
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### Guard rings {#guard-rings}
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### Thermocouple effects {#thermocouple-effects}
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### Some thoughts on instrumentation {#some-thoughts-on-instrumentation}
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## Utility Power and Facility Grounding {#utility-power-and-facility-grounding}
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## Utility Power and Facility Grounding {#utility-power-and-facility-grounding}
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<div class="sum">
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<div></div>
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This chapter discusses the relationship between utility power and the performance of electrical circuits.
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Utility installations in facilities are controller by the NEC (National Electrical Code).
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Safety and lighting protection requires that facilities connect their systems to earth.
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Designers of electric hardware use utility power and also make electrical connections to earthed conductors.
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This sharing of the earth connection creates many problems that are considered in this chapter.
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Ground planes and isolation transformers can be used to limit interference.
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The role of line filters, equipment grounds, and ground planes in facilities is explained.
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The problems associated with using isolated ground conductors are discussed.
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Lighting protection in facilities and for watercraft is a big safety issue.
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The fact that current cannot enter the water below the water line is considered.
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The battery action that causes the metal on boats to corrode is discussed.
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The grounding methods in the Pacific Intertie are unique.
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Solar winds can disrupt power distribution and damage oil pipelines.
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</div>
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### Introduction {#introduction}
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### Semantics {#semantics}
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### Utility power {#utility-power}
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### The earth as a conductor {#the-earth-as-a-conductor}
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### The neutral conneciton to earth {#the-neutral-conneciton-to-earth}
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### Group potential differences {#group-potential-differences}
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### Field coupling to power conductors {#field-coupling-to-power-conductors}
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### Neutral conductors {#neutral-conductors}
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### \\(k\\) factor in transformers {#k--factor-in-transformers}
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### Power factor correction {#power-factor-correction}
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### Ungrounded power {#ungrounded-power}
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### A request for power {#a-request-for-power}
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### Earth power currents {#earth-power-currents}
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### Line filters {#line-filters}
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### Isolated grounds {#isolated-grounds}
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### Facility ground - Some history {#facility-ground-some-history}
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### Ground planes in facilities {#ground-planes-in-facilities}
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### Other ground planes {#other-ground-planes}
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### Ground planes at remote sites {#ground-planes-at-remote-sites}
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### Extending ground planes {#extending-ground-planes}
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### Lightning {#lightning}
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### Lightning and facilities {#lightning-and-facilities}
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### Lightning protection for boats and ships {#lightning-protection-for-boats-and-ships}
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### Grounding of boats and ships at dock {#grounding-of-boats-and-ships-at-dock}
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### Aircraft grounding (fueling) {#aircraft-grounding--fueling}
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### Ground Fault Interruption (GFI) {#ground-fault-interruption--gfi}
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### Isolation transformers {#isolation-transformers}
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## Radiation {#radiation}
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## Radiation {#radiation}
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<div class="sum">
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<div></div>
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This chapter discusses radiation from circuit boards, transmission lines, conductor loops, and antennas.
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The frequency spectrum of square waves and pulses is presented.
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Matching of impedances is required to move energy from a transmission line to an antenna so that it can radiate this energy into free space.
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Common-mode and normal-mode coupling of fields to conductors is considered.
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The concept of wave impedance and its relation to shielding is considered.
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Interference can be analyzed by using a rise-time frequency to represent pulses or step functions.
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Effective radiated power from various transmitters is presented.
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The field intensities for lightning and electrostatic discharge are given.
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Loops generate low-impedance fields that are often difficult to shield.
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Simple tools for locating sources of radiation are suggested.
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</div>
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### Handling radiation and susceptibility {#handling-radiation-and-susceptibility}
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### Radiation {#radiation}
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||||||
|
### Sine waves and transmission lines {#sine-waves-and-transmission-lines}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Approximations for pulses and square waves {#approximations-for-pulses-and-square-waves}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Radiation from components {#radiation-from-components}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### The dipole antenna {#the-dipole-antenna}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Wave impedance {#wave-impedance}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Field strength and antenna gain {#field-strength-and-antenna-gain}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Radiation from loops {#radiation-from-loops}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### E-field coupling to a loop {#e-field-coupling-to-a-loop}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Radiation from printed circuit boards {#radiation-from-printed-circuit-boards}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### The sniffer and the antenna {#the-sniffer-and-the-antenna}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Microwave ovens {#microwave-ovens}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Shielding from Radiation {#shielding-from-radiation}
|
## Shielding from Radiation {#shielding-from-radiation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="sum">
|
||||||
|
<div></div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Cable shields are often made of aluminum foil or tinned copper braid.
|
||||||
|
Drain wires make it practical to connect to the foil.
|
||||||
|
Coaxial cables have a smooth inner surface that allows for the circulation of current and provide control of characteristic impedance.
|
||||||
|
Transfer impedance is a measure of shielding effectivity.
|
||||||
|
Multiple shields, low-noise cable, and conduit each have merits that are discussed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The penetration of fields into enclosures is considered.
|
||||||
|
This includes independent and dependent apertures, the wave penetration of conducting surfaces, and waveguides.
|
||||||
|
The use of gaskets, honeycombs, and backshell connectors are described.
|
||||||
|
Handling utility power, line filters, and signal lines at a hardware interface are discussed.
|
||||||
|
Methods for limiting field penetration into and out of a screen are offered.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Cables with shields {#cables-with-shields}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Low-noise cables {#low-noise-cables}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Transfer impedance {#transfer-impedance}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Waveguides {#waveguides}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Electromagnetic fields over a ground plane {#electromagnetic-fields-over-a-ground-plane}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Fields and conductors {#fields-and-conductors}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Conductive enclosures - Introduction {#conductive-enclosures-introduction}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Coupling through enclosure walls by an induction fields {#coupling-through-enclosure-walls-by-an-induction-fields}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Reflection and absorption of field energy at a conducting surface {#reflection-and-absorption-of-field-energy-at-a-conducting-surface}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Independent apertures {#independent-apertures}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Dependent apertures {#dependent-apertures}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Honeycombs {#honeycombs}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Summing field penetrations {#summing-field-penetrations}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Power line filters {#power-line-filters}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Backshell connectors {#backshell-connectors}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### H-field coupling {#h-field-coupling}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Gaskets {#gaskets}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Finger stock {#finger-stock}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Glass apertures {#glass-apertures}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Guarding large transistors {#guarding-large-transistors}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Mounting components on surfaces {#mounting-components-on-surfaces}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Zappers {#zappers}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Shielded and screen rooms {#shielded-and-screen-rooms}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Bibliography {#bibliography}
|
## Bibliography {#bibliography}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a id="org7039b1d"></a>Morrison, Ralph. 2016. _Grounding and Shielding: Circuits and Interference_. John Wiley & Sons.
|
<a id="org51246a2"></a>Morrison, Ralph. 2016. _Grounding and Shielding: Circuits and Interference_. John Wiley & Sons.
|
||||||
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user