digital-brain/content/zettels/force_sensors.md

+++
title = "Force Sensors"
author = ["Thomas Dehaeze"]
draft = false
+++

### Backlinks {#backlinks}

-   [Signal Conditioner]({{< relref "signal_conditioner" >}})
-   [Sensors]({{< relref "sensors" >}})
-   [Nanopositioning system with force feedback for high-performance tracking and vibration control]({{< relref "fleming10_nanop_system_with_force_feedb" >}})
-   [Collocated Control]({{< relref "collocated_control" >}})
-   [Position Sensors]({{< relref "position_sensors" >}})

Tags
:


## Piezoelectric Force Sensors {#piezoelectric-force-sensors}


### Dynamics and Noise of a piezoelectric force sensor {#dynamics-and-noise-of-a-piezoelectric-force-sensor}

An analysis the dynamics and noise of a piezoelectric force sensor is done in ([Fleming 2010](#org82df6e1)) ([Notes]({{< relref "fleming10_nanop_system_with_force_feedb" >}})).


### Manufacturers {#manufacturers}

| Manufacturers | Links                                                                                          | Country |
|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| PCB           | [link](https://www.pcb.com/products/productfinder.aspx?tx=17)                                  | USA     |
| HBM           | [link](https://www.hbm.com/en/6107/force-sensors-with-flange-mounting/)                        | Germany |
| Kistler       | [link](https://www.kistler.com/fr/produits/composants/capteurs-de-force/?pfv%5Fmetrics=metric) | Swiss   |
| MMF           | [link](https://www.mmf.de/force%5Ftransducers.htm)                                             | Germany |


### Signal Conditioner {#signal-conditioner}

The voltage generated by the piezoelectric material generally needs to be amplified.

Either **charge** amplifiers or **voltage** amplifiers can be used.

| Manufacturers | Links                                                                              | Country |
|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| PCB           | [link](https://www.pcb.com/products?m=482c15)                                      | USA     |
| HBM           | [link](https://www.hbm.com/en/2660/paceline-cma-charge-amplifier-analogamplifier/) | Germany |
| Kistler       | [link](https://www.kistler.com/fr/produits/composants/conditionnement-de-signal/)  | Swiss   |
| MMF           | [link](https://www.mmf.de/signal%5Fconditioners.htm)                               | Germany |


### Effect of using multiple Stacks in series of parallels {#effect-of-using-multiple-stacks-in-series-of-parallels}

If two stack are wired in series, the generated charge is kept constant and the capacitance is reduced by a factor 2.
Thus, the measured voltage is double while the measured charge is kept constant.

If two stacks are wired in parallel, the capacitance and the number of charge will be doubled.
Thus, if a voltage amplifier is used, no change of voltage will be experienced.
However, if a charge conditioner is used, the signal will be doubled.


## Bibliography {#bibliography}

<a id="org82df6e1"></a>Fleming, A.J. 2010. “Nanopositioning System with Force Feedback for High-Performance Tracking and Vibration Control.” _IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics_ 15 (3):433–47. <https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2009.2028422>.
-												Add content folder

											
										
										
											2020-04-20 18:58:10 +02:00
+								+++
 								title = "Force Sensors"
 								author = ["Thomas Dehaeze"]
 								draft = false
 								+++
-												Update all files with new citeproc-org package

											
										
										
											2020-08-17 23:00:20 +02:00
+								### Backlinks {#backlinks}
 								-   [Signal Conditioner]({{< relref "signal_conditioner" >}})
 								-   [Sensors]({{< relref "sensors" >}})
 								-   [Nanopositioning system with force feedback for high-performance tracking and vibration control]({{< relref "fleming10_nanop_system_with_force_feedb" >}})
 								-   [Collocated Control]({{< relref "collocated_control" >}})
 								-   [Position Sensors]({{< relref "position_sensors" >}})
-												Add content folder

											
										
										
											2020-04-20 18:58:10 +02:00
+								Tags
 								:
-												Classical update of content

											
										
										
											2020-07-30 10:43:47 +02:00
+								## Piezoelectric Force Sensors {#piezoelectric-force-sensors}
 								### Dynamics and Noise of a piezoelectric force sensor {#dynamics-and-noise-of-a-piezoelectric-force-sensor}
-												Add content folder

											
										
										
											2020-04-20 18:58:10 +02:00
-												Update all files with new citeproc-org package

											
										
										
											2020-08-17 23:00:20 +02:00
+								An analysis the dynamics and noise of a piezoelectric force sensor is done in ([Fleming 2010](#org82df6e1)) ([Notes]({{< relref "fleming10_nanop_system_with_force_feedb" >}})).
-												Add content folder

											
										
										
											2020-04-20 18:58:10 +02:00
-												Classical update of content

											
										
										
											2020-07-30 10:43:47 +02:00
+								### Manufacturers {#manufacturers}
-												Add content folder

											
										
										
											2020-04-20 18:58:10 +02:00
-												Update all files with new citeproc-org package

											
										
										
											2020-08-17 23:00:20 +02:00
+								| Manufacturers | Links                                                                                          | Country |
 								|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
 								| PCB           | [link](https://www.pcb.com/products/productfinder.aspx?tx=17)                                  | USA     |
 								| HBM           | [link](https://www.hbm.com/en/6107/force-sensors-with-flange-mounting/)                        | Germany |
 								| Kistler       | [link](https://www.kistler.com/fr/produits/composants/capteurs-de-force/?pfv%5Fmetrics=metric) | Swiss   |
 								| MMF           | [link](https://www.mmf.de/force%5Ftransducers.htm)                                             | Germany |
-												Add content folder

											
										
										
											2020-04-20 18:58:10 +02:00
-												Classical update of content

											
										
										
											2020-07-30 10:43:47 +02:00
 								### Signal Conditioner {#signal-conditioner}
 								The voltage generated by the piezoelectric material generally needs to be amplified.
-												Update all files with new citeproc-org package

											
										
										
											2020-08-17 23:00:20 +02:00
+								Either **charge** amplifiers or **voltage** amplifiers can be used.
-												Classical update of content

											
										
										
											2020-07-30 10:43:47 +02:00
-												Update all files with new citeproc-org package

											
										
										
											2020-08-17 23:00:20 +02:00
+								| Manufacturers | Links                                                                              | Country |
 								|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
 								| PCB           | [link](https://www.pcb.com/products?m=482c15)                                      | USA     |
 								| HBM           | [link](https://www.hbm.com/en/2660/paceline-cma-charge-amplifier-analogamplifier/) | Germany |
 								| Kistler       | [link](https://www.kistler.com/fr/produits/composants/conditionnement-de-signal/)  | Swiss   |
 								| MMF           | [link](https://www.mmf.de/signal%5Fconditioners.htm)                               | Germany |
-												Update many posts

											
										
										
											2020-06-03 22:43:54 +02:00
-												Update all files with new citeproc-org package

											
										
										
											2020-08-17 23:00:20 +02:00
+								### Effect of using multiple Stacks in series of parallels {#effect-of-using-multiple-stacks-in-series-of-parallels}
-												Update many posts

											
										
										
											2020-06-03 22:43:54 +02:00
-												Update all files with new citeproc-org package

											
										
										
											2020-08-17 23:00:20 +02:00
+								If two stack are wired in series, the generated charge is kept constant and the capacitance is reduced by a factor 2.
 								Thus, the measured voltage is double while the measured charge is kept constant.
 								If two stacks are wired in parallel, the capacitance and the number of charge will be doubled.
 								Thus, if a voltage amplifier is used, no change of voltage will be experienced.
 								However, if a charge conditioner is used, the signal will be doubled.
 								## Bibliography {#bibliography}
 								<a id="org82df6e1"></a>Fleming, A.J. 2010. “Nanopositioning System with Force Feedback for High-Performance Tracking and Vibration Control.” _IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics_ 15 (3):433–47. <https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2009.2028422>.