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<!-- 2021-05-17 lun. 23:57 -->
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<title>Measurement of Loudspeaker</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Dehaeze Thomas" />
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<div id="org-div-home-and-up">
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<a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"> UP </a>
|
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|
|
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<a accesskey="H" href="../index.html"> HOME </a>
|
||||
</div><div id="content">
|
||||
<h1 class="title">Measurement of Loudspeaker</h1>
|
||||
<div id="table-of-contents">
|
||||
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
|
||||
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orgb7dcd56">1. Equipment</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orga8b11ea">2. Semi-Anechoic Outdoor measurement</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#org5f8fade">3. Ground Plane Technique</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#orgd4ac4d2">4. In room measurement</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<p>This report is also available as a <a href="./speaker-measurement.pdf">pdf</a>.</p>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Because of the lack of a large anechoic room or a near field scanner system (e.g. the <a href="http://www.klippel.de/products/rd-system/modules/nfs-near-field-scanner.html#:~:text=The%20Near-Field%20Scanner%203D,move%20during%20the%20scanning%20process.">Klippel NFS</a>), the low frequency and high frequency response of the speaker have to be measured separately.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li>Section <a href="#orge26b894">1</a>: the tools used for the measurements are listed</li>
|
||||
<li>Section <a href="#orge527a4d">2</a>: the high frequency behavior of the speaker is measured with a semi-anechoic measurement performed outdoors</li>
|
||||
<li>Section <a href="#orga1313c1">3</a>: the low frequency behavior of the speaker is measured using the “ground plane technique”</li>
|
||||
<li>Section <a href="#org44863a6">4</a>: the response of the speaker in a typical room is estimated from the two above measurements and compare with in-room measurements</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgb7dcd56" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orgb7dcd56"><span class="section-number-2">1</span> Equipment</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="orge26b894"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li>REW software (<a href="https://www.roomeqwizard.com/">link</a>)</li>
|
||||
<li>Audiobox USB (<a href="https://www.presonus.com/products/audiobox-usb">link</a>)</li>
|
||||
<li>Behringer ECM 8000 Measuring microphone</li>
|
||||
<li>TOPPING D70 DAC</li>
|
||||
<li>Power amplifier: Amplifier</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orga8b11ea" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orga8b11ea"><span class="section-number-2">2</span> Semi-Anechoic Outdoor measurement</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="orge527a4d"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The frequency resolution is limited by the time difference between the direct sound and the first reflection.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
If we note \(\tau\) this time difference, the frequency resolution \(\delta f\) is:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\delta f = \frac{1}{\tau}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
with \(\delta f\) in hertz and \(\tau\) in seconds.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
A schematic of the setup is shown in Figure <a href="#orgd15c0ba">1</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="orgd15c0ba" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/outside_meas_setup.png" alt="outside_meas_setup.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 1: </span>Schematic of the setup</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
We usually want to measure the speaker with a resonable distance.
|
||||
Let’s take \(L = 2\,m\).
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-matlab">L = 2; <span class="org-comment">% Distance speaker/microphone [m]</span>
|
||||
v = 340; <span class="org-comment">% Speed of sound [m/s]</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
We can then compute the time delay \(\tau\) between the direct sound and reflected sound as a function of the height \(H\).
|
||||
Similarly, we can compute the frequency resolution \(\delta f\) as a function of \(H\).
|
||||
Both are shown in Figure <a href="#org70c02e3">2</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-matlab">H = [0<span class="org-type">:</span>0.01<span class="org-type">:</span>4]; <span class="org-comment">% [m]</span>
|
||||
|
||||
D = 2<span class="org-type">*</span>sqrt(H<span class="org-type">.^</span>2 <span class="org-type">+</span> L<span class="org-type">^</span>2<span class="org-type">/</span>4); <span class="org-comment">% [m]</span>
|
||||
tau = (D <span class="org-type">-</span> L)<span class="org-type">/</span>v; <span class="org-comment">% [s]</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="org70c02e3" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/required_height_wanted_reflection_delay.png" alt="required_height_wanted_reflection_delay.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 2: </span>Time delay \(\tau\) between the direct sound and (first) reflected sound as a function of the height \(H\). The resulting frequency resolution \(\delta f\) is also shown.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="important" id="orge571119">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
It is shown than even for high heights (\(H = 3\,m\)), the frequency resolution will be quite poor for low frequency characterisation of the speaker (\(\delta f \approx 70\,Hz\)).
|
||||
However, it is much sufficient for high frequency characterisation of the speaker (say above 500Hz).
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The speaker can then be tilted horizontally and vertically as shown in Figure <a href="#orgd7a99c8">3</a> and <a href="#org98fec49">4</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="orgd7a99c8" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/outside_meas_setup_tilt_vert.png" alt="outside_meas_setup_tilt_vert.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 3: </span>Tilting the speaker around a vertical axis</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="org98fec49" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/outside_meas_setup_tilt_hor.png" alt="outside_meas_setup_tilt_hor.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 4: </span>Tilting the speaker around a horizontal axis</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org5f8fade" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="org5f8fade"><span class="section-number-2">3</span> Ground Plane Technique</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="orga1313c1"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The idea here is to put both the microphone and the speaker on the ground.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
The ground must be relatively stiff.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="org69a3268" class="figure">
|
||||
<p><img src="figs/ground_plane_meas_setup.png" alt="ground_plane_meas_setup.png" />
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 5: </span>Schematic of the measurement setup</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
It is then possible to use very large gate windows in order to identify the low frequency behavior of the speaker.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
It is here not useful to perform any off-axis measurements as at the frequencies, the speaker is perfectly omnidirectionnal.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgd4ac4d2" class="outline-2">
|
||||
<h2 id="orgd4ac4d2"><span class="section-number-2">4</span> In room measurement</h2>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-4">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a id="org44863a6"></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li class="off"><code>[ ]</code> Estimated response</li>
|
||||
<li class="off"><code>[ ]</code> Correlation with measurement</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="postamble" class="status">
|
||||
<p class="author">Author: Dehaeze Thomas</p>
|
||||
<p class="date">Created: 2021-05-17 lun. 23:57</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
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</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
160
speaker-measurement.org
Normal file
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|
||||
#+HTML_HEAD: <script type="text/javascript" src="https://research.tdehaeze.xyz/js/script.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
#+BIND: org-latex-image-default-option "scale=1"
|
||||
#+BIND: org-latex-image-default-width ""
|
||||
|
||||
#+LaTeX_CLASS: scrreprt
|
||||
#+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper, 10pt, DIV=12, parskip=full]
|
||||
#+LaTeX_HEADER_EXTRA: \input{preamble.tex}
|
||||
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab :session *MATLAB*
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :comments org
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :exports both
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :results none
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :eval no-export
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :noweb yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :mkdirp yes
|
||||
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :output-dir figs
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_export html
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
<p>This report is also available as a <a href="./speaker-measurement.pdf">pdf</a>.</p>
|
||||
<hr>
|
||||
#+end_export
|
||||
|
||||
* Introduction :ignore:
|
||||
|
||||
Because of the lack of a large anechoic room or a near field scanner system (e.g. the [[http://www.klippel.de/products/rd-system/modules/nfs-near-field-scanner.html#:~:text=The%20Near-Field%20Scanner%203D,move%20during%20the%20scanning%20process.][Klippel NFS]]), the low frequency and high frequency response of the speaker have to be measured separately.
|
||||
|
||||
- Section [[sec:equipment]]: the tools used for the measurements are listed
|
||||
- Section [[sec:outdoor_meas]]: the high frequency behavior of the speaker is measured with a semi-anechoic measurement performed outdoors
|
||||
- Section [[sec:ground_plane_meas]]: the low frequency behavior of the speaker is measured using the "ground plane technique"
|
||||
- Section [[sec:in_room_meas]]: the response of the speaker in a typical room is estimated from the two above measurements and compare with in-room measurements
|
||||
|
||||
* Equipment
|
||||
<<sec:equipment>>
|
||||
|
||||
- REW software ([[https://www.roomeqwizard.com/][link]])
|
||||
- Audiobox USB ([[https://www.presonus.com/products/audiobox-usb][link]])
|
||||
- Behringer ECM 8000 Measuring microphone
|
||||
- TOPPING D70 DAC
|
||||
- Power amplifier: Amplifier
|
||||
|
||||
* Semi-Anechoic Outdoor measurement
|
||||
<<sec:outdoor_meas>>
|
||||
|
||||
** Introduction :ignore:
|
||||
The frequency resolution is limited by the time difference between the direct sound and the first reflection.
|
||||
|
||||
If we note $\tau$ this time difference, the frequency resolution $\delta f$ is:
|
||||
\begin{equation}
|
||||
\delta f = \frac{1}{\tau}
|
||||
\end{equation}
|
||||
with $\delta f$ in hertz and $\tau$ in seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
A schematic of the setup is shown in Figure [[fig:outside_meas_setup]].
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:outside_meas_setup
|
||||
#+caption: Schematic of the setup
|
||||
[[file:figs/outside_meas_setup.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
|
||||
<<matlab-dir>>
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
|
||||
<<matlab-init>>
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
** Analysis :ignore:
|
||||
We usually want to measure the speaker with a resonable distance.
|
||||
Let's take $L = 2\,m$.
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
L = 2; % Distance speaker/microphone [m]
|
||||
v = 340; % Speed of sound [m/s]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
We can then compute the time delay $\tau$ between the direct sound and reflected sound as a function of the height $H$.
|
||||
Similarly, we can compute the frequency resolution $\delta f$ as a function of $H$.
|
||||
Both are shown in Figure [[fig:required_height_wanted_reflection_delay]].
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab
|
||||
H = [0:0.01:4]; % [m]
|
||||
|
||||
D = 2*sqrt(H.^2 + L^2/4); % [m]
|
||||
tau = (D - L)/v; % [s]
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :exports none
|
||||
figure;
|
||||
yyaxis left
|
||||
plot(H, 1000*tau)
|
||||
ylabel('Reflection Time $\tau$ [ms]');
|
||||
|
||||
yyaxis right
|
||||
plot(H, 1./tau);
|
||||
ylabel('Frequency Resolution $\delta f$ [Hz]');
|
||||
set(gca, 'yscale', 'log');
|
||||
ylim([1e1, 1e3]);
|
||||
|
||||
xlabel('Height $H$ [m]');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
|
||||
exportFig('figs/required_height_wanted_reflection_delay.pdf', 'width', 'wide', 'height', 'normal');
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:required_height_wanted_reflection_delay
|
||||
#+caption: Time delay $\tau$ between the direct sound and (first) reflected sound as a function of the height $H$. The resulting frequency resolution $\delta f$ is also shown.
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
[[file:figs/required_height_wanted_reflection_delay.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_important
|
||||
It is shown than even for high heights ($H = 3\,m$), the frequency resolution will be quite poor for low frequency characterisation of the speaker ($\delta f \approx 70\,Hz$).
|
||||
However, it is much sufficient for high frequency characterisation of the speaker (say above 500Hz).
|
||||
#+end_important
|
||||
|
||||
The speaker can then be tilted horizontally and vertically as shown in Figure [[fig:outside_meas_setup_tilt_vert]] and [[fig:outside_meas_setup_tilt_hor]].
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:outside_meas_setup_tilt_vert
|
||||
#+caption: Tilting the speaker around a vertical axis
|
||||
[[file:figs/outside_meas_setup_tilt_vert.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:outside_meas_setup_tilt_hor
|
||||
#+caption: Tilting the speaker around a horizontal axis
|
||||
[[file:figs/outside_meas_setup_tilt_hor.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
* Ground Plane Technique
|
||||
<<sec:ground_plane_meas>>
|
||||
|
||||
** Introduction :ignore:
|
||||
|
||||
The idea here is to put both the microphone and the speaker on the ground.
|
||||
|
||||
The ground must be relatively stiff.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: fig:ground_plane_meas_setup
|
||||
#+caption: Schematic of the measurement setup
|
||||
[[file:figs/ground_plane_meas_setup.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
It is then possible to use very large gate windows in order to identify the low frequency behavior of the speaker.
|
||||
|
||||
It is here not useful to perform any off-axis measurements as at the frequencies, the speaker is perfectly omnidirectionnal.
|
||||
|
||||
* In room measurement
|
||||
<<sec:in_room_meas>>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] Estimated response
|
||||
- [ ] Correlation with measurement
|