phd-control/nass-control.tex

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\author{Dehaeze Thomas}
\date{\today}
\title{Control Optimization}
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\begin{document}

\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\clearpage
When controlling a MIMO system (specifically parallel manipulator such as the Stewart platform?)

Several considerations:
\begin{itemize}
\item Section \ref{sec:detail_control_multiple_sensor}: How to most effectively use/combine multiple sensors
\item Section \ref{sec:detail_control_decoupling}: How to decouple a system
\item Section \ref{sec:detail_control_optimization}: How to design the controller
\end{itemize}
\chapter{Multiple Sensor Control}
\label{sec:detail_control_multiple_sensor}

\textbf{Look at what was done in the introduction \href{file:///home/thomas/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/phd-thesis-chapters/A0-nass-introduction/nass-introduction.org}{Stewart platforms: Control architecture}}

Explain why multiple sensors are sometimes beneficial:
\begin{itemize}
\item collocated sensor that guarantee stability, but is still useful to damp modes outside the bandwidth of the controller using sensor measuring the performance objective

\item Review for Stewart platform => Table
\href{file:///home/thomas/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/stewart-simscape/org/bibliography.org}{Multi Sensor Control}
Several sensors:
\begin{itemize}
\item force sensor, inertial, strain \ldots{}
\end{itemize}
Several architectures:
\begin{itemize}
\item Sensor fusion
\item Cascaded control
\item Two sensor control
\end{itemize}
\cite{beijen14_two_sensor_contr_activ_vibrat}
\cite{yong16_high_speed_vertic_posit_stage}
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_architecture_hac_lac.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_architecture_hac_lac} HAC-LAC}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_architecture_two_sensor_control.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_architecture_two_sensor_control} Two Sensor Control}
\end{subfigure}

\bigskip
\begin{subfigure}{0.95\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_architecture_sensor_fusion.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_architecture_sensor_fusion} Sensor Fusion}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_control_multiple_sensors}Different control strategies when using multiple sensors. High Authority Control / Low Authority Control (\subref{fig:detail_control_architecture_hac_lac}). Sensor Fusion (\subref{fig:detail_control_architecture_sensor_fusion}). Two-Sensor Control (\subref{fig:detail_control_architecture_two_sensor_control})}
\end{figure}


Cascaded control / HAC-LAC Architecture was already discussed during the conceptual phase.
This is a very comprehensive approach that proved to give good performances.

On the other hand of the spectrum, the two sensor approach yields to more control design freedom.
But it is also more complex.

In this section, we wish to study if sensor fusion can be an option for multi-sensor control:
\begin{itemize}
\item may be used to optimize the noise characteristics
\item optimize the dynamical uncertainty
\end{itemize}

While there are different ways to fuse sensors:
\begin{itemize}
\item complementary filters
\item kalman filtering
\end{itemize}

The focus is made here on complementary filters, as they give a simple frequency analysis.



Measuring a physical quantity using sensors is always subject to several limitations.
First, the accuracy of the measurement is affected by several noise sources, such as electrical noise of the conditioning electronics being used.
Second, the frequency range in which the measurement is relevant is bounded by the bandwidth of the sensor.
One way to overcome these limitations is to combine several sensors using a technique called ``sensor fusion'' \cite{bendat57_optim_filter_indep_measur_two}.
Fortunately, a wide variety of sensors exists, each with different characteristics.
By carefully choosing the fused sensors, a so called ``super sensor'' is obtained that can combines benefits of the individual sensors.

In some situations, sensor fusion is used to increase the bandwidth of the measurement \cite{shaw90_bandw_enhan_posit_measur_using_measur_accel,zimmermann92_high_bandw_orien_measur_contr,min15_compl_filter_desig_angle_estim}.
For instance, in \cite{shaw90_bandw_enhan_posit_measur_using_measur_accel} the bandwidth of a position sensor is increased by fusing it with an accelerometer providing the high frequency motion information.
For other applications, sensor fusion is used to obtain an estimate of the measured quantity with lower noise \cite{hua05_low_ligo,hua04_polyp_fir_compl_filter_contr_system,plummer06_optim_compl_filter_their_applic_motion_measur,robert12_introd_random_signal_applied_kalman}.
More recently, the fusion of sensors measuring different physical quantities has been proposed to obtain interesting properties for control \cite{collette15_sensor_fusion_method_high_perfor,yong16_high_speed_vertic_posit_stage}.
In \cite{collette15_sensor_fusion_method_high_perfor}, an inertial sensor used for active vibration isolation is fused with a sensor collocated with the actuator for improving the stability margins of the feedback controller.

Practical applications of sensor fusion are numerous.
It is widely used for the attitude estimation of several autonomous vehicles such as unmanned aerial vehicle \cite{baerveldt97_low_cost_low_weigh_attit,corke04_inert_visual_sensin_system_small_auton_helic,jensen13_basic_uas} and underwater vehicles \cite{pascoal99_navig_system_desig_using_time,batista10_optim_posit_veloc_navig_filter_auton_vehic}.
Naturally, it is of great benefits for high performance positioning control as shown in \cite{shaw90_bandw_enhan_posit_measur_using_measur_accel,zimmermann92_high_bandw_orien_measur_contr,min15_compl_filter_desig_angle_estim,yong16_high_speed_vertic_posit_stage}.
Sensor fusion was also shown to be a key technology to improve the performance of active vibration isolation systems \cite{tjepkema12_sensor_fusion_activ_vibrat_isolat_precis_equip}.
Emblematic examples are the isolation stages of gravitational wave detectors \cite{collette15_sensor_fusion_method_high_perfor,heijningen18_low} such as the ones used at the LIGO \cite{hua05_low_ligo,hua04_polyp_fir_compl_filter_contr_system} and at the Virgo \cite{lucia18_low_frequen_optim_perfor_advan}.

There are mainly two ways to perform sensor fusion: either using a set of complementary filters \cite{anderson53_instr_approac_system_steer_comput} or using Kalman filtering \cite{brown72_integ_navig_system_kalman_filter}.
For sensor fusion applications, both methods are sharing many relationships \cite{brown72_integ_navig_system_kalman_filter,higgins75_compar_compl_kalman_filter,robert12_introd_random_signal_applied_kalman,fonseca15_compl}.
However, for Kalman filtering, assumptions must be made about the probabilistic character of the sensor noises \cite{robert12_introd_random_signal_applied_kalman} whereas it is not the case with complementary filters.
Furthermore, the advantages of complementary filters over Kalman filtering for sensor fusion are their general applicability, their low computational cost \cite{higgins75_compar_compl_kalman_filter}, and the fact that they are intuitive as their effects can be easily interpreted in the frequency domain.

A set of filters is said to be complementary if the sum of their transfer functions is equal to one at all frequencies.
In the early days of complementary filtering, analog circuits were employed to physically realize the filters \cite{anderson53_instr_approac_system_steer_comput}.
Analog complementary filters are still used today \cite{yong16_high_speed_vertic_posit_stage,moore19_capac_instr_sensor_fusion_high_bandw_nanop}, but most of the time they are now implemented digitally as it allows for much more flexibility.

Several design methods have been developed over the years to optimize complementary filters.
The easiest way to design complementary filters is to use analytical formulas.
Depending on the application, the formulas used are of first order \cite{corke04_inert_visual_sensin_system_small_auton_helic,yeh05_model_contr_hydraul_actuat_two,yong16_high_speed_vertic_posit_stage}, second order \cite{baerveldt97_low_cost_low_weigh_attit,stoten01_fusion_kinet_data_using_compos_filter,jensen13_basic_uas} or even higher orders \cite{shaw90_bandw_enhan_posit_measur_using_measur_accel,zimmermann92_high_bandw_orien_measur_contr,stoten01_fusion_kinet_data_using_compos_filter,collette15_sensor_fusion_method_high_perfor,matichard15_seism_isolat_advan_ligo}.

As the characteristics of the super sensor depends on the proper design of the complementary filters \cite{dehaeze19_compl_filter_shapin_using_synth}, several optimization techniques have been developed.
Some are based on the finding of optimal parameters of analytical formulas \cite{jensen13_basic_uas,min15_compl_filter_desig_angle_estim,fonseca15_compl}, while other are using convex optimization tools \cite{hua04_polyp_fir_compl_filter_contr_system,hua05_low_ligo} such as linear matrix inequalities \cite{pascoal99_navig_system_desig_using_time}.
As shown in \cite{plummer06_optim_compl_filter_their_applic_motion_measur}, the design of complementary filters can also be linked to the standard mixed-sensitivity control problem.
Therefore, all the powerful tools developed for the classical control theory can also be used for the design of complementary filters.
For instance, in \cite{jensen13_basic_uas} the two gains of a Proportional Integral (PI) controller are optimized to minimize the noise of the super sensor.

The common objective of all these complementary filters design methods is to obtain a super sensor that has desired characteristics, usually in terms of noise and dynamics.
Moreover, as reported in \cite{zimmermann92_high_bandw_orien_measur_contr,plummer06_optim_compl_filter_their_applic_motion_measur}, phase shifts and magnitude bumps of the super sensors dynamics can be observed if either the complementary filters are poorly designed or if the sensors are not well calibrated.
Hence, the robustness of the fusion is also of concern when designing the complementary filters.
Although many design methods of complementary filters have been proposed in the literature, no simple method that allows to specify the desired super sensor characteristic while ensuring good fusion robustness has been proposed.

Fortunately, both the robustness of the fusion and the super sensor characteristics can be linked to the magnitude of the complementary filters \cite{dehaeze19_compl_filter_shapin_using_synth}.
Based on that, this paper introduces a new way to design complementary filters using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis which allows to shape the complementary filters' magnitude in an easy and intuitive way.
\section{Sensor Fusion and Complementary Filters Requirements}
\label{sec:detail_control_sensor_fusion_requirements}
Complementary filtering provides a framework for fusing signals from different sensors.
As the effectiveness of the fusion depends on the proper design of the complementary filters, they are expected to fulfill certain requirements.
These requirements are discussed in this section.
\subsection{Sensor Fusion Architecture}
\label{sec:detail_control_sensor_fusion}

A general sensor fusion architecture using complementary filters is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_overview} where several sensors (here two) are measuring the same physical quantity \(x\).
The two sensors output signals \(\hat{x}_1\) and \(\hat{x}_2\) are estimates of \(x\).
These estimates are then filtered out by complementary filters and combined to form a new estimate \(\hat{x}\).

The resulting sensor, termed as super sensor, can have larger bandwidth and better noise characteristics in comparison to the individual sensors.
This means that the super sensor provides an estimate \(\hat{x}\) of \(x\) which can be more accurate over a larger frequency band than the outputs of the individual sensors.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_sensor_fusion_overview.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_overview}Schematic of a sensor fusion architecture using complementary filters.}
\end{figure}

The complementary property of filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) implies that the sum of their transfer functions is equal to one.
That is, unity magnitude and zero phase at all frequencies.
Therefore, a pair of complementary filter needs to satisfy the following condition:

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_comp_filter}
  H_1(s) + H_2(s) = 1
\end{equation}

It will soon become clear why the complementary property is important for the sensor fusion architecture.
\subsection{Sensor Models and Sensor Normalization}
\label{sec:detail_control_sensor_models}

In order to study such sensor fusion architecture, a model for the sensors is required.
Such model is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_model} and consists of a linear time invariant (LTI) system \(G_i(s)\) representing the sensor dynamics and an input \(n_i\) representing the sensor noise.
The model input \(x\) is the measured physical quantity and its output \(\tilde{x}_i\) is the ``raw'' output of the sensor.

Before filtering the sensor outputs \(\tilde{x}_i\) by the complementary filters, the sensors are usually normalized to simplify the fusion.
This normalization consists of using an estimate \(\hat{G}_i(s)\) of the sensor dynamics \(G_i(s)\), and filtering the sensor output by the inverse of this estimate \(\hat{G}_i^{-1}(s)\) as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_model_calibrated}.
It is here supposed that the sensor inverse \(\hat{G}_i^{-1}(s)\) is proper and stable.
This way, the units of the estimates \(\hat{x}_i\) are equal to the units of the physical quantity \(x\).
The sensor dynamics estimate \(\hat{G}_i(s)\) can be a simple gain or a more complex transfer function.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_sensor_model.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_model}Basic sensor model consisting of a noise input $n_i$ and a linear time invariant transfer function $G_i(s)$}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_sensor_model_calibrated.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_model_calibrated}Normalized sensors using the inverse of an estimate $\hat{G}}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_models}Sensor models with and without normalization.}
\end{figure}

Two normalized sensors are then combined to form a super sensor as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_fusion_super_sensor}.
The two sensors are measuring the same physical quantity \(x\) with dynamics \(G_1(s)\) and \(G_2(s)\), and with \emph{uncorrelated} noises \(n_1\) and \(n_2\).
The signals from both normalized sensors are fed into two complementary filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) and then combined to yield an estimate \(\hat{x}\) of \(x\).

The super sensor output is therefore equal to:

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_comp_filter_estimate}
  \hat{x} = \Big( H_1(s) \hat{G}_1^{-1}(s) G_1(s) + H_2(s) \hat{G}_2^{-1}(s) G_2(s) \Big) x + H_1(s) \hat{G}_1^{-1}(s) G_1(s) n_1 + H_2(s) \hat{G}_2^{-1}(s) G_2(s) n_2
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_fusion_super_sensor.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_fusion_super_sensor}Sensor fusion architecture with two normalized sensors.}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Noise Sensor Filtering}
\label{sec:detail_control_noise_filtering}

In this section, it is supposed that all the sensors are perfectly normalized, such that:

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_perfect_dynamics}
  \frac{\hat{x}_i}{x} = \hat{G}_i(s) G_i(s) = 1
\end{equation}

The effect of a non-perfect normalization will be discussed in the next section.

Provided \eqref{eq:detail_control_perfect_dynamics} is verified, the super sensor output \(\hat{x}\) is then equal to:

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_estimate_perfect_dyn}
  \hat{x} = x + H_1(s) n_1 + H_2(s) n_2
\end{equation}

From \eqref{eq:detail_control_estimate_perfect_dyn}, the complementary filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) are shown to only operate on the noise of the sensors.
Thus, this sensor fusion architecture permits to filter the noise of both sensors without introducing any distortion in the physical quantity to be measured.
This is why the two filters must be complementary.

The estimation error \(\delta x\), defined as the difference between the sensor output \(\hat{x}\) and the measured quantity \(x\), is computed for the super sensor \eqref{eq:detail_control_estimate_error}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_estimate_error}
  \delta x \triangleq \hat{x} - x = H_1(s) n_1 + H_2(s) n_2
\end{equation}

As shown in \eqref{eq:detail_control_noise_filtering_psd}, the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the estimation error \(\Phi_{\delta x}\) depends both on the norm of the two complementary filters and on the PSD of the noise sources \(\Phi_{n_1}\) and \(\Phi_{n_2}\).

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_noise_filtering_psd}
  \Phi_{\delta x}(\omega) = \left|H_1(j\omega)\right|^2 \Phi_{n_1}(\omega) + \left|H_2(j\omega)\right|^2 \Phi_{n_2}(\omega)
\end{equation}

If the two sensors have identical noise characteristics, \(\Phi_{n_1}(\omega) = \Phi_{n_2}(\omega)\), a simple averaging (\(H_1(s) = H_2(s) = 0.5\)) is what would minimize the super sensor noise.
This is the simplest form of sensor fusion with complementary filters.

However, the two sensors have usually high noise levels over distinct frequency regions.
In such case, to lower the noise of the super sensor, the norm \(|H_1(j\omega)|\) has to be small when \(\Phi_{n_1}(\omega)\) is larger than \(\Phi_{n_2}(\omega)\) and the norm \(|H_2(j\omega)|\) has to be small when \(\Phi_{n_2}(\omega)\) is larger than \(\Phi_{n_1}(\omega)\).
Hence, by properly shaping the norm of the complementary filters, it is possible to reduce the noise of the super sensor.
\subsection{Sensor Fusion Robustness}
\label{sec:detail_control_fusion_robustness}

In practical systems the sensor normalization is not perfect and condition \eqref{eq:detail_control_perfect_dynamics} is not verified.

In order to study such imperfection, a multiplicative input uncertainty is added to the sensor dynamics (Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_model_uncertainty}).
The nominal model is the estimated model used for the normalization \(\hat{G}_i(s)\), \(\Delta_i(s)\) is any stable transfer function satisfying \(|\Delta_i(j\omega)| \le 1,\ \forall\omega\), and \(w_i(s)\) is a weighting transfer function representing the magnitude of the uncertainty.

The weight \(w_i(s)\) is chosen such that the real sensor dynamics \(G_i(j\omega)\) is contained in the uncertain region represented by a circle in the complex plane, centered on \(1\) and with a radius equal to \(|w_i(j\omega)|\).

As the nominal sensor dynamics is taken as the normalized filter, the normalized sensor can be further simplified as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_model_uncertainty_simplified}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}{0.58\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.95\linewidth]{figs/detail_control_sensor_model_uncertainty.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_model_uncertainty}Sensor with multiplicative input uncertainty}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.38\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,width=0.95\linewidth]{figs/detail_control_sensor_model_uncertainty_simplified.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_model_uncertainty_simplified}Simplified sensor model}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_models_uncertainty}Sensor models with dynamical uncertainty}
\end{figure}

The sensor fusion architecture with the sensor models including dynamical uncertainty is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_dynamic_uncertainty}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_sensor_fusion_dynamic_uncertainty.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_dynamic_uncertainty}Sensor fusion architecture with sensor dynamics uncertainty}
\end{figure}


The super sensor dynamics \eqref{eq:detail_control_super_sensor_dyn_uncertainty} is no longer equal to \(1\) and now depends on the sensor dynamical uncertainty weights \(w_i(s)\) as well as on the complementary filters \(H_i(s)\).

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_super_sensor_dyn_uncertainty}
  \frac{\hat{x}}{x} = 1 + w_1(s) H_1(s) \Delta_1(s) + w_2(s) H_2(s) \Delta_2(s)
\end{equation}

The dynamical uncertainty of the super sensor can be graphically represented in the complex plane by a circle centered on \(1\) with a radius equal to \(|w_1(j\omega) H_1(j\omega)| + |w_2(j\omega) H_2(j\omega)|\) (Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_uncertainty_set_super_sensor}).

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_uncertainty_set_super_sensor.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_uncertainty_set_super_sensor}Uncertainty region of the super sensor dynamics in the complex plane (grey circle). The contribution of both sensors 1 and 2 to the total uncertainty are represented respectively by a blue circle and a red circle. The frequency dependency \(\omega\) is here omitted.}
\end{figure}

The super sensor dynamical uncertainty, and hence the robustness of the fusion, clearly depends on the complementary filters' norm.
For instance, the phase \(\Delta\phi(\omega)\) added by the super sensor dynamics at frequency \(\omega\) is bounded by \(\Delta\phi_{\text{max}}(\omega)\) which can be found by drawing a tangent from the origin to the uncertainty circle of the super sensor (Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_uncertainty_set_super_sensor}) and that is mathematically described by \eqref{eq:detail_control_max_phase_uncertainty}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_max_phase_uncertainty}
    \Delta\phi_\text{max}(\omega) = \arcsin\big( |w_1(j\omega) H_1(j\omega)| + |w_2(j\omega) H_2(j\omega)| \big)
\end{equation}

As it is generally desired to limit the maximum phase added by the super sensor, \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) should be designed such that \(\Delta \phi\) is bounded to acceptable values.
Typically, the norm of the complementary filter \(|H_i(j\omega)|\) should be made small when \(|w_i(j\omega)|\) is large, i.e., at frequencies where the sensor dynamics is uncertain.
\section{Complementary Filters Shaping}
\label{sec:detail_control_hinf_method}
As shown in Section \ref{sec:detail_control_sensor_fusion_requirements}, the noise and robustness of the super sensor are a function of the complementary filters' norm.
Therefore, a synthesis method of complementary filters that allows to shape their norm would be of great use.
In this section, such synthesis is proposed by writing the synthesis objective as a standard \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) optimization problem.
As weighting functions are used to represent the wanted complementary filters' shape during the synthesis, their proper design is discussed.
Finally, the synthesis method is validated on an simple example.
\subsection{Synthesis Objective}
\label{sec:detail_control_synthesis_objective}

The synthesis objective is to shape the norm of two filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) while ensuring their complementary property \eqref{eq:detail_control_comp_filter}.
This is equivalent as to finding proper and stable transfer functions \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) such that conditions \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_complementarity}, \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h1} and \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h2} are satisfied.

\begin{subequations}\label{eq:detail_control_comp_filter_problem_form}
  \begin{align}
  & H_1(s) + H_2(s) = 1 \label{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_complementarity} \\
  & |H_1(j\omega)| \le \frac{1}{|W_1(j\omega)|} \quad \forall\omega \label{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h1} \\
  & |H_2(j\omega)| \le \frac{1}{|W_2(j\omega)|} \quad \forall\omega \label{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h2}
  \end{align}
\end{subequations}

\(W_1(s)\) and \(W_2(s)\) are two weighting transfer functions that are carefully chosen to specify the maximum wanted norm of the complementary filters during the synthesis.
\subsection{Shaping of Complementary Filters using \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis}
\label{sec:detail_control_hinf_synthesis}

In this section, it is shown that the synthesis objective can be easily expressed as a standard \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) optimization problem and therefore solved using convenient tools readily available.

Consider the generalized plant \(P(s)\) shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion_plant} and mathematically described by \eqref{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant}
  \begin{bmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \\ v \end{bmatrix} = P(s) \begin{bmatrix} w\\u \end{bmatrix}; \quad P(s) = \begin{bmatrix}W_1(s) & -W_1(s) \\ 0 & \phantom{+}W_2(s) \\  1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion_plant.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion_plant}Generalized plant}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion_fb.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion_fb}Generalized plant with the synthesized filter}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion}Architecture for the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis of complementary filters}
\end{figure}

Applying the standard \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis to the generalized plant \(P(s)\) is then equivalent as finding a stable filter \(H_2(s)\) which based on \(v\), generates a signal \(u\) such that the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm of the system in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion_fb} from \(w\) to \([z_1, \ z_2]\) is less than one \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_syn_obj}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_hinf_syn_obj}
  \left\|\begin{matrix} \left(1 - H_2(s)\right) W_1(s) \\ H_2(s) W_2(s) \end{matrix}\right\|_\infty \le 1
\end{equation}

By then defining \(H_1(s)\) to be the complementary of \(H_2(s)\) \eqref{eq:detail_control_definition_H1}, the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis objective becomes equivalent to \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_problem} which ensures that \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h1} and \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h2} are satisfied.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_definition_H1}
  H_1(s) \triangleq 1 - H_2(s)
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_hinf_problem}
  \left\|\begin{matrix} H_1(s) W_1(s) \\ H_2(s) W_2(s) \end{matrix}\right\|_\infty \le 1
\end{equation}

Therefore, applying the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis to the standard plant \(P(s)\) \eqref{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant} will generate two filters \(H_2(s)\) and \(H_1(s) \triangleq 1 - H_2(s)\) that are complementary \eqref{eq:detail_control_comp_filter_problem_form} and such that there norms are bellow specified bounds \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h1}, \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h2}.

Note that there is only an implication between the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm condition \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_problem} and the initial synthesis objectives \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h1} and \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_h2} and not an equivalence.
Hence, the optimization may be a little bit conservative with respect to the set of filters on which it is performed, see \cite[Chap. 2.8.3]{skogestad07_multiv_feedb_contr}.
In practice, this is however not an found to be an issue.
\subsection{Weighting Functions Design}
\label{sec:detail_control_hinf_weighting_func}

Weighting functions are used during the synthesis to specify the maximum allowed complementary filters' norm.
The proper design of these weighting functions is of primary importance for the success of the presented \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis of complementary filters.

First, only proper and stable transfer functions should be used.
Second, the order of the weighting functions should stay reasonably small in order to reduce the computational costs associated with the solving of the optimization problem and for the physical implementation of the filters (the synthesized filters' order being equal to the sum of the weighting functions' order).
Third, one should not forget the fundamental limitations imposed by the complementary property \eqref{eq:detail_control_comp_filter}.
This implies for instance that \(|H_1(j\omega)|\) and \(|H_2(j\omega)|\) cannot be made small at the same frequency.

When designing complementary filters, it is usually desired to specify their slopes, their ``blending'' frequency and their maximum gains at low and high frequency.
To easily express these specifications, formula \eqref{eq:detail_control_weight_formula} is proposed to help with the design of weighting functions.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_weight_formula}
  W(s) = \left( \frac{
           \hfill{} \frac{1}{\omega_c} \sqrt{\frac{1 - \left(\frac{G_0}{G_c}\right)^{\frac{2}{n}}}{1 - \left(\frac{G_c}{G_\infty}\right)^{\frac{2}{n}}}} s + \left(\frac{G_0}{G_c}\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}
         }{
           \left(\frac{1}{G_\infty}\right)^{\frac{1}{n}} \frac{1}{\omega_c} \sqrt{\frac{1 - \left(\frac{G_0}{G_c}\right)^{\frac{2}{n}}}{1 - \left(\frac{G_c}{G_\infty}\right)^{\frac{2}{n}}}} s + \left(\frac{1}{G_c}\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}
         }\right)^n
\end{equation}

The parameters in formula \eqref{eq:detail_control_weight_formula} are:
\begin{itemize}
\item \(G_0 = \lim_{\omega \to 0} |W(j\omega)|\): the low frequency gain
\item \(G_\infty = \lim_{\omega \to \infty} |W(j\omega)|\): the high frequency gain
\item \(G_c = |W(j\omega_c)|\): the gain at a specific frequency \(\omega_c\) in \(\si{rad/s}\).
\item \(n\): the slope between high and low frequency. It also corresponds to the order of the weighting function.
\end{itemize}

The parameters \(G_0\), \(G_c\) and \(G_\infty\) should either satisfy \eqref{eq:detail_control_cond_formula_1} or \eqref{eq:detail_control_cond_formula_2}.

\begin{subequations}\label{eq:detail_control_condition_params_formula}
  \begin{align}
    G_0 < 1 < G_\infty \text{ and } G_0 < G_c < G_\infty \label{eq:detail_control_cond_formula_1}\\
    G_\infty < 1 < G_0 \text{ and } G_\infty < G_c < G_0 \label{eq:detail_control_cond_formula_2}
  \end{align}
\end{subequations}

The typical magnitude of a weighting function generated using \eqref{eq:detail_control_weight_formula} is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_weight_formula}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_weight_formula.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_weight_formula}Magnitude of a weighting function generated using formula \eqref{eq:detail_control_weight_formula}, \(G_0 = 1e^{-3}\), \(G_\infty = 10\), \(\omega_c = \SI{10}{Hz}\), \(G_c = 2\), \(n = 3\).}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Validation of the proposed synthesis method}
\label{sec:detail_control_hinf_example}

The proposed methodology for the design of complementary filters is now applied on a simple example.
Let's suppose two complementary filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) have to be designed such that:
\begin{itemize}
\item the blending frequency is around \(\SI{10}{Hz}\).
\item the slope of \(|H_1(j\omega)|\) is \(+2\) below \(\SI{10}{Hz}\).
Its low frequency gain is \(10^{-3}\).
\item the slope of \(|H_2(j\omega)|\) is \(-3\) above \(\SI{10}{Hz}\).
Its high frequency gain is \(10^{-3}\).
\end{itemize}

The first step is to translate the above requirements by properly designing the weighting functions.
The proposed formula \eqref{eq:detail_control_weight_formula} is here used for such purpose.
Parameters used are summarized in Table \ref{tab:detail_control_weights_params}.
The inverse magnitudes of the designed weighting functions, which are representing the maximum allowed norms of the complementary filters, are shown by the dashed lines in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_weights_W1_W2}.

\begin{minipage}[b]{0.44\linewidth}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabularx}{0.7\linewidth}{ccc}
\toprule
Parameter & \(W_1(s)\) & \(W_2(s)\)\\
\midrule
\(G_0\) & \(0.1\) & \(1000\)\\
\(G_{\infty}\) & \(1000\) & \(0.1\)\\
\(\omega_c\) & \(2 \pi \cdot 10\) & \(2 \pi \cdot 10\)\\
\(G_c\) & \(0.45\) & \(0.45\)\\
\(n\) & \(2\) & \(3\)\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{center}
\captionof{table}{\label{tab:detail_control_weights_params}Parameters for \(W_1(s)\) and \(W_2(s)\)}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.52\linewidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_weights_W1_W2.png}
\captionof{figure}{\label{fig:detail_control_weights_W1_W2}Inverse magnitude of the weights}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}

The standard \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis is then applied to the generalized plant of Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_h_infinity_robust_fusion_plant}.
The filter \(H_2(s)\) that minimizes the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm between \(w\) and \([z_1,\ z_2]^T\) is obtained.
The \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm is here found to be close to one \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_synthesis_result} which indicates that the synthesis is successful: the complementary filters norms are below the maximum specified upper bounds.
This is confirmed by the bode plots of the obtained complementary filters in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_hinf_filters_results}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_hinf_synthesis_result}
  \left\|\begin{matrix} \left(1 - H_2(s)\right) W_1(s) \\ H_2(s) W_2(s) \end{matrix}\right\|_\infty \approx 1
\end{equation}

The transfer functions in the Laplace domain of the complementary filters are given in \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_synthesis_result_tf}.
As expected, the obtained filters are of order \(5\), that is the sum of the weighting functions' order.

\begin{subequations}\label{eq:detail_control_hinf_synthesis_result_tf}
  \begin{align}
    H_2(s) &= \frac{(s+6.6e^4) (s+160) (s+4)^3}{(s+6.6e^4) (s^2 + 106 s + 3e^3) (s^2 + 72s + 3580)} \\
    H_1(s) &\triangleq H_2(s) - 1 = \frac{10^{-8} (s+6.6e^9) (s+3450)^2 (s^2 + 49s + 895)}{(s+6.6e^4) (s^2 + 106 s + 3e^3) (s^2 + 72s + 3580)}
  \end{align}
\end{subequations}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_hinf_filters_results.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_hinf_filters_results}Bode plot of the obtained complementary filters}
\end{figure}

This simple example illustrates the fact that the proposed methodology for complementary filters shaping is easy to use and effective.
A more complex real life example is taken up in the next section.
\section{``Closed-Loop'' complementary filters}
\label{sec:detail_control_closed_loop_complementary_filters}

An alternative way to implement complementary filters is by using a fundamental property of the classical feedback architecture shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion}.
This idea is discussed in \cite{mahony05_compl_filter_desig_special_orthog,plummer06_optim_compl_filter_their_applic_motion_measur,jensen13_basic_uas}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion}``Closed-Loop'' complementary filters.}
\end{figure}

Consider the feedback architecture of Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion}, with two inputs \(\hat{x}_1\) and \(\hat{x}_2\), and one output \(\hat{x}\).
The output \(\hat{x}\) is linked to the inputs by \eqref{eq:detail_control_closed_loop_complementary_filters}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_closed_loop_complementary_filters}
\hat{x} = \underbrace{\frac{1}{1 + L(s)}}_{S(s)} \hat{x}_1 + \underbrace{\frac{L(s)}{1 + L(s)}}_{T(s)} \hat{x}_2
\end{equation}

As for any classical feedback architecture, we have that the sum of the sensitivity transfer function \(S(s)\) and complementary sensitivity transfer function \(T_(s)\) is equal to one \eqref{eq:detail_control_sensitivity_sum}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_sensitivity_sum}
S(s) + T(s) = 1
\end{equation}

Therefore, provided that the the closed-loop system in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion} is stable, it can be used as a set of two complementary filters.
Two sensors can then be merged as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion_arch}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion_arch.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion_arch}Classical feedback architecture used for sensor fusion.}
\end{figure}

One of the main advantage of implementing and designing complementary filters using the feedback architecture of Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion} is that all the tools of the linear control theory can be applied for the design of the filters.
If one want to shape both \(\frac{\hat{x}}{\hat{x}_1}(s) = S(s)\) and \(\frac{\hat{x}}{\hat{x}_2}(s) = T(s)\), the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) mixed-sensitivity synthesis can be easily applied.

To do so, weighting functions \(W_1(s)\) and \(W_2(s)\) are added to respectively shape \(S(s)\) and \(T(s)\) (Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_synthesis_architecture}).
Then the system is rearranged to form the generalized plant \(P_L(s)\) shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_synthesis_architecture_generalized_plant}.
The \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) mixed-sensitivity synthesis can finally be performed by applying the standard \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis to the generalized plant \(P_L(s)\) which is described by \eqref{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant_mixed_sensitivity}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant_mixed_sensitivity}
  \begin{bmatrix} z \\ v \end{bmatrix} = P_L(s) \begin{bmatrix} w_1 \\ w_2 \\ u \end{bmatrix}; \quad P_L(s) = \begin{bmatrix}
    \phantom{+}W_1(s) & 0      & \phantom{+}1 \\
              -W_1(s) & W_2(s) &           -1
  \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}

The output of the synthesis is a filter \(L(s)\) such that the ``closed-loop'' \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm from \([w_1,\ w_2]\) to \(z\) of the system in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion} is less than one \eqref{eq:detail_control_comp_filters_feedback_obj}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_comp_filters_feedback_obj}
  \left\| \begin{matrix} \frac{z}{w_1} \\ \frac{z}{w_2} \end{matrix} \right\|_\infty = \left\| \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{1 + L(s)} W_1(s) \\ \frac{L(s)}{1 + L(s)} W_2(s) \end{matrix} \right\|_\infty \le 1
\end{equation}

If the synthesis is successful, the transfer functions from \(\hat{x}_1\) to \(\hat{x}\) and from \(\hat{x}_2\) to \(\hat{x}\) have their magnitude bounded by the inverse magnitude of the corresponding weighting functions.
The sensor fusion can then be implemented using the feedback architecture in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_feedback_sensor_fusion_arch} or more classically as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_overview} by defining the two complementary filters using \eqref{eq:detail_control_comp_filters_feedback}.
The two architectures are equivalent regarding their inputs/outputs relationships.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_comp_filters_feedback}
  H_1(s) = \frac{1}{1 + L(s)}; \quad H_2(s) = \frac{L(s)}{1 + L(s)}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}{0.58\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_feedback_synthesis_architecture.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_feedback_synthesis_architecture}Feedback architecture with included weights}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.38\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_feedback_synthesis_architecture_generalized_plant.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_feedback_synthesis_architecture_generalized_plant}Generalized plant}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_h_inf_mixed_sensitivity_synthesis}\(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) mixed-sensitivity synthesis}
\end{figure}

As an example, two ``closed-loop'' complementary filters are designed using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) mixed-sensitivity synthesis.
The weighting functions are designed using formula \eqref{eq:detail_control_weight_formula} with parameters shown in Table \ref{tab:detail_control_weights_params}.
After synthesis, a filter \(L(s)\) is obtained whose magnitude is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_hinf_filters_results_mixed_sensitivity} by the black dashed line.
The ``closed-loop'' complementary filters are compared with the inverse magnitude of the weighting functions in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_hinf_filters_results_mixed_sensitivity} confirming that the synthesis is successful.
The obtained ``closed-loop'' complementary filters are indeed equal to the ones obtained in Section \ref{sec:detail_control_hinf_example}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_hinf_filters_results_mixed_sensitivity.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_hinf_filters_results_mixed_sensitivity}Bode plot of the obtained complementary filters after \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) mixed-sensitivity synthesis}
\end{figure}
\section{Synthesis of a set of three complementary filters}
\label{sec:detail_control_hinf_three_comp_filters}

Some applications may require to merge more than two sensors \cite{stoten01_fusion_kinet_data_using_compos_filter,fonseca15_compl}.
For instance at the LIGO, three sensors (an LVDT, a seismometer and a geophone) are merged to form a super sensor \cite{matichard15_seism_isolat_advan_ligo}.

When merging \(n>2\) sensors using complementary filters, two architectures can be used as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_three}.
The fusion can either be done in a ``sequential'' way where \(n-1\) sets of two complementary filters are used (Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_three_sequential}), or in a ``parallel'' way where one set of \(n\) complementary filters is used (Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_three_parallel}).

In the first case, typical sensor fusion synthesis techniques can be used.
However, when a parallel architecture is used, a new synthesis method for a set of more than two complementary filters is required as only simple analytical formulas have been proposed in the literature \cite{stoten01_fusion_kinet_data_using_compos_filter,fonseca15_compl}.
A generalization of the proposed synthesis method of complementary filters is presented in this section.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}{0.58\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=0.9]{figs/detail_control_sensor_fusion_three_sequential.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_three_sequential}Sequential fusion}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.38\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=0.9]{figs/detail_control_sensor_fusion_three_parallel.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_three_parallel}Parallel fusion}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_sensor_fusion_three}Possible sensor fusion architecture when more than two sensors are to be merged}
\end{figure}

The synthesis objective is to compute a set of \(n\) stable transfer functions \([H_1(s),\ H_2(s),\ \dots,\ H_n(s)]\) such that conditions \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_compl_gen} and \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_perf_gen} are satisfied.

\begin{subequations}\label{eq:detail_control_hinf_problem_gen}
  \begin{align}
    & \sum_{i=1}^n H_i(s) = 1 \label{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_compl_gen} \\
    & \left| H_i(j\omega) \right| < \frac{1}{\left| W_i(j\omega) \right|}, \quad \forall \omega,\ i = 1 \dots n \label{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_perf_gen}
  \end{align}
\end{subequations}

\([W_1(s),\ W_2(s),\ \dots,\ W_n(s)]\) are weighting transfer functions that are chosen to specify the maximum complementary filters' norm during the synthesis.

Such synthesis objective is closely related to the one described in Section \ref{sec:detail_control_synthesis_objective}, and indeed the proposed synthesis method is a generalization of the one presented in Section \ref{sec:detail_control_hinf_synthesis}.

A set of \(n\) complementary filters can be shaped by applying the standard \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis to the generalized plant \(P_n(s)\) described by \eqref{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant_n_filters}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant_n_filters}
  \begin{bmatrix} z_1 \\ \vdots \\ z_n \\ v \end{bmatrix} = P_n(s) \begin{bmatrix} w \\ u_1 \\ \vdots \\ u_{n-1} \end{bmatrix}; \quad
  P_n(s) = \begin{bmatrix}
    W_1    & -W_1   & \dots  & \dots  & -W_1 \\
    0      &  W_2   & 0      & \dots  & 0 \\
    \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\
    \vdots &        & \ddots & \ddots & 0 \\
    0      & \dots  & \dots  & 0      & W_n \\
    1      & 0      & \dots  & \dots  & 0
    \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}

If the synthesis if successful, a set of \(n-1\) filters \([H_2(s),\ H_3(s),\ \dots,\ H_n(s)]\) are obtained such that \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_syn_obj_gen} is verified.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_hinf_syn_obj_gen}
  \left\|\begin{matrix} \left(1 - \left[ H_2(s) + H_3(s) + \dots + H_n(s) \right]\right) W_1(s) \\ H_2(s) W_2(s) \\ \vdots \\ H_n(s) W_n(s) \end{matrix}\right\|_\infty \le 1
\end{equation}

\(H_1(s)\) is then defined using \eqref{eq:detail_control_h1_comp_h2_hn} which is ensuring the complementary property for the set of \(n\) filters \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_compl_gen}.
Condition \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_cond_perf_gen} is satisfied thanks to \eqref{eq:detail_control_hinf_syn_obj_gen}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_h1_comp_h2_hn}
  H_1(s) \triangleq 1 - \big[ H_2(s) + H_3(s) + \dots + H_n(s) \big]
\end{equation}

An example is given to validate the proposed method for the synthesis of a set of three complementary filters.
The sensors to be merged are a displacement sensor from DC up to \(\SI{1}{Hz}\), a geophone from \(1\) to \(\SI{10}{Hz}\) and an accelerometer above \(\SI{10}{Hz}\).
Three weighting functions are designed using formula \eqref{eq:detail_control_weight_formula} and their inverse magnitude are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_three_complementary_filters_results} (dashed curves).

Consider the generalized plant \(P_3(s)\) shown in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_comp_filter_three_hinf_gen_plant} which is also described by \eqref{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant_three_filters}.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_generalized_plant_three_filters}
  \begin{bmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \\ z_3 \\ v \end{bmatrix} = P_3(s) \begin{bmatrix} w \\ u_1 \\ u_2 \end{bmatrix}; \quad P_3(s) = \begin{bmatrix}W_1(s) & -W_1(s) & -W_1(s) \\ 0 & \phantom{+}W_2(s) & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \phantom{+}W_3(s) \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}


\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_comp_filter_three_hinf_gen_plant.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_comp_filter_three_hinf_gen_plant}Generalized plant}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1,scale=1]{figs/detail_control_comp_filter_three_hinf_fb.png}
\end{center}
\subcaption{\label{fig:detail_control_comp_filter_three_hinf_fb}Generalized plant with the synthesized filter}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_comp_filter_three_hinf}Architecture for the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis of three complementary filters}
\end{figure}

The standard \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis is performed on the generalized plant \(P_3(s)\).
Two filters \(H_2(s)\) and \(H_3(s)\) are obtained such that the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm of the closed-loop transfer from \(w\) to \([z_1,\ z_2,\ z_3]\) of the system in Fig. \ref{fig:detail_control_comp_filter_three_hinf_fb} is less than one.
Filter \(H_1(s)\) is defined using \eqref{eq:detail_control_h1_compl_h2_h3} thus ensuring the complementary property of the obtained set of filters.

\begin{equation}\label{eq:detail_control_h1_compl_h2_h3}
  H_1(s) \triangleq 1 - \big[ H_2(s) + H_3(s) \big]
\end{equation}

Figure \ref{fig:detail_control_three_complementary_filters_results} displays the three synthesized complementary filters (solid lines) which confirms that the synthesis is successful.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/detail_control_three_complementary_filters_results.png}
\caption{\label{fig:detail_control_three_complementary_filters_results}Bode plot of the inverse weighting functions and of the three complementary filters obtained using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis}
\end{figure}
\section*{Conclusion}
A new method for designing complementary filters using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis has been proposed.
It allows to shape the magnitude of the filters by the use of weighting functions during the synthesis.
This is very valuable in practice as the characteristics of the super sensor are linked to the complementary filters' magnitude.
Therefore typical sensor fusion objectives can be translated into requirements on the magnitudes of the filters.
Several examples were used to emphasize the simplicity and the effectiveness of the proposed method.

However, the shaping of the complementary filters' magnitude does not allow to directly optimize the super sensor noise and dynamical characteristics.
Future work will aim at developing a complementary filter synthesis method that minimizes the super sensor noise while ensuring the robustness of the fusion.
\chapter{Decoupling Strategies}
\label{sec:detail_control_decoupling}

When dealing with MIMO systems, a typical strategy is to:
\begin{itemize}
\item first decouple the plant dynamics
\item apply SISO control for the decoupled plant
\end{itemize}

Assumptions:
\begin{itemize}
\item parallel manipulators
\end{itemize}

Review of decoupling strategies for Stewart platforms:
\begin{itemize}
\item \href{file:///home/thomas/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/stewart-simscape/org/bibliography.org}{Decoupling Strategies}
\end{itemize}


\begin{itemize}
\item[{$\square$}] What example should be taken?
\textbf{3dof system}? stewart platform?
Maybe simpler.
\end{itemize}
\section{Interaction Analysis}

\section{Decentralized Control (actuator frame)}

\section{Center of Stiffness and center of Mass}

\begin{itemize}
\item Example
\item Show
\end{itemize}
\section{Modal Decoupling}

\section{Data Based Decoupling}

\begin{itemize}
\item Static decoupling
\item SVD
\end{itemize}
\section*{Conclusion}
Table that compares all the strategies.
\chapter{Closed-Loop Shaping using Complementary Filters}
\label{sec:detail_control_optimization}

Performance of a feedback control is dictated by closed-loop transfer functions.
For instance sensitivity, transmissibility, etc\ldots{} Gang of Four.

There are several ways to design a controller to obtain a given performance.

Decoupled Open-Loop Shaping:
\begin{itemize}
\item As shown in previous section, once the plant is decoupled: open loop shaping
\item Explain procedure when applying open-loop shaping
\item Lead, Lag, Notches, Check Stability, c2d, etc\ldots{}
\item But this is open-loop shaping, and it does not directly work on the closed loop transfer functions
\end{itemize}

Other strategy: Model Based Design:
\begin{itemize}
\item \href{file:///home/thomas/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/stewart-simscape/org/bibliography.org}{Multivariable Control}
\item Talk about Caio's thesis?
\item Review of model based design (LQG, H-Infinity) applied to Stewart platform
\item Difficulty to specify robustness to change of payload mass
\end{itemize}

In this section, an alternative is proposed in which complementary filters are used for closed-loop shaping.
It is presented for a SISO system, but can be generalized to MIMO if decoupling is sufficient.
It will be experimentally demonstrated with the NASS.
\section*{Conclusion}
\chapter*{Conclusion}
\label{sec:detail_control_conclusion}
\printbibliography[heading=bibintoc,title={Bibliography}]
\end{document}