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@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ Tags
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{V\_o}{V\_i}(s) = \frac{1}{\frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2} + 2 \xi \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}
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\frac{V\_o}{V\_i}(s) = \frac{1}{\frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2} + 2 \zeta \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}
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\end{equation}
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With:
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- \\(\omega\_0 = \frac{1}{R\sqrt{C\_1 C\_2}}\\)
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- \\(\xi = \frac{C\_2}{C\_1}\\)
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- \\(\zeta = \frac{C\_2}{C\_1}\\)
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The input impedance is \\(V\_i/i\_i\\).
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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Same as [Figure 1](#figure--fig:analog-act-filt-second-order-lpf) but by exchang
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With:
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- \\(\omega\_0 = \frac{1}{R\sqrt{C\_1 C\_2}}\\)
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- \\(\xi = \frac{C\_2}{C\_1}\\)
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- \\(\zeta = \frac{C\_2}{C\_1}\\)
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## PID controller {#pid-controller}
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@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Z = (1 + R*C*s)/(C*s); % Filter Impedance
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/analog_filt_second_order_lpf.png" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 5: </span>Second Order Low Pass Filter using an RLC circuit" >}}
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\begin{equation}
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\boxed{\frac{V\_o}{V\_i}(s) = \frac{1}{1 + 2 \xi \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + \frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2}}, \quad \omega\_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}},\quad \xi = \frac{1}{2R\sqrt{LC}}}
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\boxed{\frac{V\_o}{V\_i}(s) = \frac{1}{1 + 2 \zeta \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + \frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2}}, \quad \omega\_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}},\quad \zeta = \frac{1}{2R\sqrt{LC}}}
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\end{equation}
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\begin{equation}
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@@ -111,22 +111,22 @@ In order to implement a fourth order trajectory, look at [this](https://www.math
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See (<a href="#citeproc_bib_item_2">Schmidt, Schitter, and Rankers 2020</a>) (Section 4.2.1).
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Suppose we have a second order plant (could typically be a piezoelectric stage):
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\\[ G(s) = \frac{C\_f \omega\_0^2}{s^2 + 2\xi \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2} \\]
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\\[ G(s) = \frac{C\_f \omega\_0^2}{s^2 + 2\zeta \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2} \\]
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<a id="figure--fig:feedforward-second-order-plant"></a>
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/feedforward_second_order_plant.png" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 4: </span>Bode plot of a second order system with fitted model" >}}
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The idea is to design a feedforward controller that corresponds to the plant inverse:
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\\[ C\_{ff}(s) = \frac{s^2 + 2\xi \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2}{C\_f \omega\_0^2} \\]
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\\[ C\_{ff}(s) = \frac{s^2 + 2\zeta \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2}{C\_f \omega\_0^2} \\]
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This controller has a pair of zeros, corresponding to an anti-resonance at the eigenfrequency of the first eigenmode of the system, with equal damping.
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The controller needs to be modified in such a way that it becomes realisable.
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In this case it is decided to create a resulting overall transfer function of the controller and the plant that acts like a well damped mass-spring system with the same natural frequency as the plant and an additional reduction of the excitation of higher frequency eigenmodes.
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In order to realise this controller first two poles have to be added, placed at the same frequency as the resonance but with a higher damping ratio.
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Typically a damping ratio between aperiodic and critical (\\(0.7 < \xi < 1\\)) is applied to avoid oscillations.
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For \\(\xi = 1\\) this results in the following transfer function:
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\\[ C\_{ff}(s) = \frac{s^2 + 2\xi \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2}{s^2 + 2 \cdot 1 \cdot \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2}\\]
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Typically a damping ratio between aperiodic and critical (\\(0.7 < \zeta < 1\\)) is applied to avoid oscillations.
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For \\(\zeta = 1\\) this results in the following transfer function:
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\\[ C\_{ff}(s) = \frac{s^2 + 2\zeta \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2}{s^2 + 2 \cdot 1 \cdot \omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2}\\]
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<a id="figure--fig:feedforward-compensated-system"></a>
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@@ -211,10 +211,10 @@ Therefore, it is very important to match the delay of the plant:
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{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/feedforward_4th_order.png" >}}
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Dynamics from \\(F\\) to \\(x\_2\\) is:
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\\[ G(s) = \frac{x\_2}{F} = \frac{cs + k}{m\_1m\_2 s^2(s^2 + 2\xi\omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2)} \\]
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\\[ G(s) = \frac{x\_2}{F} = \frac{cs + k}{m\_1m\_2 s^2(s^2 + 2\zeta\omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2)} \\]
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We take the inverse for the feedforward controller:
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\\[ K\_{ff}(s) = G^{-1}(s) = \frac{m\_1m\_2 s^2(s^2 + 2\xi\omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2)}{cs + k} \\]
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If we neglect damped: \\(\xi = 0\\), and we get:
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\\[ K\_{ff}(s) = G^{-1}(s) = \frac{m\_1m\_2 s^2(s^2 + 2\zeta\omega\_0 s + \omega\_0^2)}{cs + k} \\]
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If we neglect damped: \\(\zeta = 0\\), and we get:
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\\[ K\_{ff}(s) = \underbrace{\frac{m\_1m\_2}{k} s^4}\_{\text{snap FF}} + \underbrace{(m\_1 + m\_2) s^2}\_{\text{acc FF}} \\]
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This can be solved by using **snap feedforward**
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@@ -31,24 +31,24 @@ Let's consider [Figure 1](#figure--fig:mass-spring-damper-system) where:
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Transmissibility:
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{x}{w}(s) = \frac{c s + k}{m s^2 + c s + k} = \frac{2 \xi \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}{\frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2} + 2 \xi \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}
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\frac{x}{w}(s) = \frac{c s + k}{m s^2 + c s + k} = \frac{2 \zeta \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}{\frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2} + 2 \zeta \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}
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\end{equation}
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Compliance:
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\begin{equation}
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\frac{x}{F}(s) = \frac{x}{F\_d}(s) = \frac{1}{m s^2 + c s + k} = \frac{1/k}{\frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2} + 2 \xi \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}
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\frac{x}{F}(s) = \frac{x}{F\_d}(s) = \frac{1}{m s^2 + c s + k} = \frac{1/k}{\frac{s^2}{\omega\_0^2} + 2 \zeta \frac{s}{\omega\_0} + 1}
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\end{equation}
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with:
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- \\(\omega\_0 = \sqrt{k/m}\\) the natural frequency in [rad/s]
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- \\(\xi = \frac{1}{2} \frac{c}{\sqrt{km}}\\) the damping ratio [unit-less]
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- \\(\zeta = \frac{1}{2} \frac{c}{\sqrt{km}}\\) the damping ratio [unit-less]
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A quality factor \\(Q\\) can also be defined:
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\begin{equation}
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Q = \frac{1}{2\xi}
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Q = \frac{1}{2\zeta}
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\end{equation}
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This corresponds to the amplification at the natural frequency \\(\omega\_0\\).
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@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The optimal parameters of the tuned mass damper can be roughly estimated as foll
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- This allows to compute the stiffness of the TMD:
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\\[ k\_2 = \nu^2 k\_1 \mu = k\_1 \frac{\mu}{(1 + \mu)^2} \\]
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- Finally, the optimal damping of the TMD is:
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\\[ \xi\_2 = \sqrt{\frac{3 \mu}{8 (1 + \mu)}} \Longrightarrow c\_2 = 2 \xi\_2 \sqrt{k\_2 m\_2} \\]
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\\[ \zeta\_2 = \sqrt{\frac{3 \mu}{8 (1 + \mu)}} \Longrightarrow c\_2 = 2 \zeta\_2 \sqrt{k\_2 m\_2} \\]
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## Simple TMD model {#simple-tmd-model}
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