Add all bibliographic notes and zettels

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+title = "Force Sensors"
+author = ["Dehaeze Thomas"]
+draft = false
+category = "equipment"
+++
+
+Tags
+: [Signal Conditioner]({{< relref "signal_conditioner.md" >}}), [Modal Analysis]({{< relref "modal_analysis.md" >}})
+
+
+## Technologies {#technologies}
+
+There are two main technique for force sensors:
+
+-   piezoelectric technology
+-   strain gauge technology
+
+The choice between the two is usually based on whether the measurement is static (strain gauge) or dynamics (piezoelectric).
+
+Main differences between the two are shown in [Figure 1](#figure--fig:force-sensor-piezo-vs-strain-gauge).
+
+<a id="figure--fig:force-sensor-piezo-vs-strain-gauge"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/force_sensor_piezo_vs_strain_gauge.png" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 1: </span>Piezoelectric Force sensor VS Strain Gauge Force sensor" >}}
+
+
+## Piezoelectric Force Sensors {#piezoelectric-force-sensors}
+
+
+### Dynamics and Noise of a piezoelectric force sensor {#dynamics-and-noise-of-a-piezoelectric-force-sensor}
+
+An analysis the dynamics and noise of a piezoelectric force sensor is done in (<a href="#citeproc_bib_item_1">Fleming 2010</a>) ([Notes]({{< relref "fleming10_nanop_system_with_force_feedb.md" >}})).
+
+
+### Manufacturers {#manufacturers}
+
+| Manufacturers                                                                                   | Country |
+|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
+| [PCB](https://www.pcb.com/products/productfinder.aspx?tx=17)                                    | USA     |
+| [HBM](https://www.hbm.com/en/6107/force-sensors-with-flange-mounting/)                          | Germany |
+| [Kistler](https://www.kistler.com/fr/produits/composants/capteurs-de-force/?pfv_metrics=metric) | Swiss   |
+| [MMF](https://www.mmf.de/force_transducers.htm)                                                 | Germany |
+| [Sinocera](http://www.china-yec.net/sensors/)                                                   | China   |
+
+
+### Signal Conditioner {#signal-conditioner}
+
+The voltage generated by the piezoelectric material generally needs to be amplified using a [Signal Conditioner]({{< relref "signal_conditioner.md" >}}).
+
+Either **charge** amplifiers or **voltage** amplifiers can be used.
+
+
+### Effect of using multiple Stacks in series of parallels {#effect-of-using-multiple-stacks-in-series-of-parallels}
+
+If two stack are wired in series, the generated charge is kept constant and the capacitance is reduced by a factor 2.
+Thus, the measured voltage is double while the measured charge is kept constant.
+
+If two stacks are wired in parallel, the capacitance and the number of charge will be doubled.
+Thus, if a voltage amplifier is used, no change of voltage will be experienced.
+However, if a charge conditioner is used, the signal will be doubled.
+
+
+## Strain Gauge (Load Cells) {#strain-gauge--load-cells}
+
+
+### Manufacturers {#manufacturers}
+
+| Manufacturers                                                                  | Country        |
+|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
+| [Sensel](https://www.sensel-measurement.fr/en/3-load-cell)                     | France         |
+| [Omega](https://www.omega.com/en-us/resources/load-cells)                      | United Kingdom |
+| [Megatron](https://www.megatron.de/en/category/load-cells.html)                | Germany        |
+| [PCB](https://www.pcb.com/products/product-finder?tx=19)                       | USA            |
+| [Interface](https://quickship.interfaceforce.com/product-category/load-cells/) | USA            |
+| [Althen](https://www.althensensors.com/sensors/weighing-sensors-load-cells/)   | Netherlands    |
+
+
+## Bibliography {#bibliography}
+
+<style>.csl-entry{text-indent: -1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em;}</style><div class="csl-bib-body">
+  <div class="csl-entry"><a id="citeproc_bib_item_1"></a>Fleming, A.J. 2010. “Nanopositioning System with Force Feedback for High-Performance Tracking and Vibration Control.” <i>IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics</i> 15 (3): 433–47. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2009.2028422">10.1109/tmech.2009.2028422</a>.</div>
+</div>