Add all bibliographic notes and zettels

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+title = "Charge Amplifiers"
+author = ["Dehaeze Thomas"]
+draft = false
+category = "equipment"
+++
+
+Tags
+: [Electronics]({{< relref "electronics.md" >}})
+
+
+## Description {#description}
+
+A charge amplifier outputs a voltage proportional to the charge generated by a sensor connected to its inputs.
+
+This can be typically used to interface with piezoelectric sensors.
+
+
+## Basic Circuit {#basic-circuit}
+
+Two basic circuits of charge amplifiers are shown in [Figure 1](#figure--fig:charge-amplifier-circuit) (taken from (<a href="#citeproc_bib_item_1">Fleming 2010</a>)) and [Figure 2](#figure--fig:charge-amplifier-circuit-bis) (taken from (<a href="#citeproc_bib_item_2">Schmidt, Schitter, and Rankers 2014</a>))
+
+<a id="figure--fig:charge-amplifier-circuit"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/charge_amplifier_circuit.png" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 1: </span>Electrical model of a piezoelectric force sensor is shown in gray. The op-amp charge amplifier is shown on the right. The output voltage \\(V\_s\\) equal to \\(-q/C\_s\\)" >}}
+
+<a id="figure--fig:charge-amplifier-circuit-bis"></a>
+
+{{< figure src="/ox-hugo/charge_amplifier_circuit_bis.png" caption="<span class='figure-number'>Figure 2: </span>A piezoelectric accelerometer with a charge amplifier as signal conditioning element" >}}
+
+The input impedance of the charge amplifier is very small (unlike when using a voltage amplifier).
+
+The gain of the charge amplified ([Figure 1](#figure--fig:charge-amplifier-circuit)) is equal to:
+\\[ \frac{V\_s}{q} = \frac{-1}{C\_s} \\]
+
+
+## Manufacturers {#manufacturers}
+
+| Manufacturers                                                                                                                                | Country |
+|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
+| [PCB](https://www.pcb.com/sensors-for-test-measurement/electronics/line-powered-multi-channel-signal-conditioners)                           | USA     |
+| [HBM](https://www.hbm.com/en/2660/paceline-cma-charge-amplifier-analogamplifier/)                                                            | Germany |
+| [Kistler](https://www.kistler.com/fr/produits/composants/conditionnement-de-signal/)                                                         | Swiss   |
+| [MMF](https://www.mmf.de/signal_conditioners.htm)                                                                                            | Germany |
+| [DJB](https://www.djbinstruments.com/products/instrumentation/view/9-Channel-Charge-Voltage-Amplifier-IEPE-Signal-Conditioning-Rack-Mounted) | UK      |
+| [MTI Instruments](https://www.mtiinstruments.com/products/turbine-balancing-vibration-analysis/charge-amplifiers/ca1800/)                    | USA     |
+| [Sinocera](http://www.china-yec.net/instruments/signal-conditioner/multi-channels-charge-amplifier.html)                                     | China   |
+| [Physimetron](http://www.physimetron.de/produkte_en.html)                                                                                    | Germany |
+
+
+## Bibliography {#bibliography}
+
+<style>.csl-entry{text-indent: -1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em;}</style><div class="csl-bib-body">
+  <div class="csl-entry"><a id="citeproc_bib_item_1"></a>Fleming, A.J. 2010. “Nanopositioning System with Force Feedback for High-Performance Tracking and Vibration Control.” <i>IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics</i> 15 (3): 433–47. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2009.2028422">10.1109/tmech.2009.2028422</a>.</div>
+  <div class="csl-entry"><a id="citeproc_bib_item_2"></a>Schmidt, R Munnig, Georg Schitter, and Adrian Rankers. 2014. <i>The Design of High Performance Mechatronics - 2nd Revised Edition</i>. Ios Press.</div>
+</div>