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Robust and Optimal Sensor Fusion - Matlab Computation

Table of Contents

This document is arranged as follows:

1 Sensor Description

In Figure 1 is shown a schematic of a sensor model that is used in the following study. In this example, the measured quantity \(x\) is the velocity of an object.

Table 1: Description of signals in Figure 1
Notation Meaning Unit
\(x\) Physical measured quantity \([m/s]\)
\(\tilde{n}_i\) White noise with unitary PSD  
\(n_i\) Shaped noise \([m/s]\)
\(v_i\) Sensor output measurement \([V]\)
\(\hat{x}_i\) Estimate of \(x\) from the sensor \([m/s]\)
\(\Phi_n(\omega)\) Power Spectral Density of \(n\) \([\frac{(m/s)^2}{Hz}]\)
\(\phi_n(\omega)\) Amplitude Spectral Density of \(n\) \([\frac{m/s}{\sqrt{Hz}}]\)
\(\sigma_n\) Root Mean Square Value of \(n\) \([m/s\ rms]\)
Table 2: Description of Systems in Figure 1
Notation Meaning Unit
\(\hat{G}_i\) Nominal Sensor Dynamics \([\frac{V}{m/s}]\)
\(W_i\) Weight representing the size of the uncertainty at each frequency  
\(\Delta_i\) Any complex perturbation such that \(\vert\vert\Delta_i\vert\vert_\infty < 1\)  
\(N_i\) Weight representing the sensor noise \([m/s]\)

sensor_model_noise_uncertainty.png

Figure 1: Sensor Model

1.1 Sensor Dynamics

Let’s consider two sensors measuring the velocity of an object.

The first sensor is an accelerometer. Its nominal dynamics \(\hat{G}_1(s)\) is defined below. 

m_acc = 0.01; % Inertial Mass [kg]
c_acc = 5;    % Damping [N/(m/s)]
k_acc = 1e5;  % Stiffness [N/m]
g_acc = 1e5;  % Gain [V/m]

G1 = g_acc*m_acc*s/(m_acc*s^2 + c_acc*s + k_acc); % Accelerometer Plant [V/(m/s)]

The second sensor is a displacement sensor, its nominal dynamics \(\hat{G}_2(s)\) is defined below. 

w_pos = 2*pi*2e3; % Measurement Banwdith [rad/s]
g_pos = 1e4; % Gain [V/m]

G2 = g_pos/s/(1 + s/w_pos); % Position Sensor Plant [V/(m/s)]

These nominal dynamics are also taken as the model of the sensor dynamics. The true sensor dynamics has some uncertainty associated to it and described in section 1.2.

Both sensor dynamics in \([\frac{V}{m/s}]\) are shown in Figure 2.

sensors_nominal_dynamics.png

Figure 2: Sensor nominal dynamics from the velocity of the object to the output voltage

1.2 Sensor Model Uncertainty

The uncertainty on the sensor dynamics is described by multiplicative uncertainty (Figure 1).

The true sensor dynamics \(G_i(s)\) is then described by \eqref{eq:sensor_dynamics_uncertainty}.

\begin{equation} G_i(s) = \hat{G}_i(s) \left( 1 + W_i(s) \Delta_i(s) \right); \quad |\Delta_i(j\omega)| < 1 \forall \omega \label{eq:sensor_dynamics_uncertainty} \end{equation}

The weights \(W_i(s)\) representing the dynamical uncertainty are defined below and their magnitude is shown in Figure 3. 

W1 = createWeight('n', 2, 'w0', 2*pi*3,   'G0', 2, 'G1', 0.1,     'Gc', 1) * ...
     createWeight('n', 2, 'w0', 2*pi*1e3, 'G0', 1, 'G1', 4/0.1, 'Gc', 1/0.1);

W2 = createWeight('n', 2, 'w0', 2*pi*1e2, 'G0', 0.05, 'G1', 4, 'Gc', 1);

The bode plot of the sensors nominal dynamics as well as their defined dynamical spread are shown in Figure 4.

sensors_uncertainty_weights.png

Figure 3: Magnitude of the multiplicative uncertainty weights \(|W_i(j\omega)|\)

sensors_nominal_dynamics_and_uncertainty.png

Figure 4: Nominal Sensor Dynamics \(\hat{G}_i\) (solid lines) as well as the spread of the dynamical uncertainty (background color)

1.3 Sensor Noise

The noise of the sensors \(n_i\) are modelled by shaping a white noise with unitary PSD \(\tilde{n}_i\) \eqref{eq:unitary_noise_psd} with a LTI transfer function \(N_i(s)\) (Figure 1).

\begin{equation} \Phi_{\tilde{n}_i}(\omega) = 1 \label{eq:unitary_noise_psd} \end{equation}

The Power Spectral Density of the sensor noise \(\Phi_{n_i}(\omega)\) is then computed using \eqref{eq:sensor_noise_shaping} and expressed in \([\frac{(m/s)^2}{Hz}]\).

\begin{equation} \Phi_{n_i}(\omega) = \left| N_i(j\omega) \right|^2 \Phi_{\tilde{n}_i}(\omega) \label{eq:sensor_noise_shaping} \end{equation}

The weights \(N_1\) and \(N_2\) representing the amplitude spectral density of the sensor noises are defined below and shown in Figure 5. 

omegac = 0.15*2*pi; G0 = 1e-1; Ginf = 1e-6;
N1 = (Ginf*s/omegac + G0)/(s/omegac + 1)/(1 + s/2/pi/1e4);

omegac = 1000*2*pi; G0 = 1e-6; Ginf = 1e-3;
N2 = (Ginf*s/omegac + G0)/(s/omegac + 1)/(1 + s/2/pi/1e4);

sensors_noise.png

Figure 5: Amplitude spectral density of the sensors \(\sqrt{\Phi_{n_i}(\omega)} = |N_i(j\omega)|\)

1.4 Save Model

All the dynamical systems representing the sensors are saved for further use. 

save('./mat/model.mat', 'freqs', 'G1', 'G2', 'N2', 'N1', 'W2', 'W1');

2 Introduction to Sensor Fusion

2.1 Sensor Fusion Architecture

The two sensors presented in Section 1 are now merged together using complementary filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) to form a super sensor (Figure 6).

sensor_fusion_noise_arch.png

Figure 6: Sensor Fusion Architecture

The complementary property of \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) means that the sum of their transfer function is equal to \(1\) \eqref{eq:complementary_property}.

\begin{equation} H_1(s) + H_2(s) = 1 \label{eq:complementary_property} \end{equation}

The super sensor estimate \(\hat{x}\) is given by \eqref{eq:super_sensor_estimate}.

\begin{equation} \hat{x} = \left( H_1 \hat{G}_1^{-1} G_1 + H_2 \hat{G}_2^{-1} G_2 \right) x + \left( H_1 \hat{G}_1^{-1} G_1 N_1 \right) \tilde{n}_1 + \left( H_2 \hat{G}_2^{-1} G_2 N_2 \right) \tilde{n}_2 \label{eq:super_sensor_estimate} \end{equation}

2.2 Super Sensor Noise

If we first suppose that the models of the sensors \(\hat{G}_i\) are very close to the true sensor dynamics \(G_i\) \eqref{eq:good_dynamical_model}, we have that the super sensor estimate \(\hat{x}\) is equals to the measured quantity \(x\) plus the noise of the two sensors filtered out by the complementary filters \eqref{eq:estimate_perfect_models}.

\begin{equation} \hat{G}_i^{-1}(s) G_i(s) \approx 1 \label{eq:good_dynamical_model} \end{equation} \begin{equation} \hat{x} = x + \underbrace{\left( H_1 N_1 \right) \tilde{n}_1 + \left( H_2 N_2 \right) \tilde{n}_2}_{n} \label{eq:estimate_perfect_models} \end{equation}

As the noise of both sensors are considered to be uncorrelated, the PSD of the super sensor noise is computed as follow:

\begin{equation} \Phi_n(\omega) = \left| H_1(j\omega) N_1(j\omega) \right|^2 + \left| H_2(j\omega) N_2(j\omega) \right|^2 \label{eq:super_sensor_psd_noise} \end{equation}

And the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of the super sensor noise \(\sigma_n\) is given by Equation \eqref{eq:super_sensor_rms_noise}.

\begin{equation} \sigma_n = \sqrt{\int_0^\infty \Phi_n(\omega) d\omega} \label{eq:super_sensor_rms_noise} \end{equation}

2.3 Super Sensor Dynamical Uncertainty

If we consider some dynamical uncertainty (the true system dynamics \(G_i\) not being perfectly equal to our model \(\hat{G}_i\)) that we model by the use of multiplicative uncertainty (Figure 7), the super sensor dynamics is then equals to:

\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} \frac{\hat{x}}{x} &= \Big( H_1 \hat{G}_1^{-1} \hat{G}_1 (1 + W_1 \Delta_1) + H_2 \hat{G}_2^{-1} \hat{G}_2 (1 + W_2 \Delta_2) \Big) \\ &= \Big( H_1 (1 + W_1 \Delta_1) + H_2 (1 + W_2 \Delta_2) \Big) \\ &= \left( 1 + H_1 W_1 \Delta_1 + H_2 W_2 \Delta_2 \right), \quad \|\Delta_i\|_\infty<1 \end{aligned} \end{equation}

sensor_model_uncertainty.png

Figure 7: Sensor Model including Dynamical Uncertainty

The uncertainty set of the transfer function from \(\hat{x}\) to \(x\) at frequency \(\omega\) is bounded in the complex plane by a circle centered on 1 and with a radius equal to \(|W_1(j\omega) H_1(j\omega)| + |W_2(j\omega) H_2(j\omega)|\) as shown in Figure 8.

uncertainty_set_super_sensor.png

Figure 8: Super Sensor model uncertainty displayed in the complex plane

3 Optimal Super Sensor Noise: \(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis

In this section, the complementary filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) are designed in order to minimize the RMS value of super sensor noise \(\sigma_n\).

The RMS value of the super sensor noise is (neglecting the model uncertainty):

\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} \sigma_{n} &= \sqrt{\int_0^\infty |H_1(j\omega) N_1(j\omega)|^2 + |H_2(j\omega) N_2(j\omega)|^2 d\omega} \\ &= \left\| \begin{matrix} H_1 N_1 \\ H_2 N_2 \end{matrix} \right\|_2 \end{aligned} \end{equation}

The goal is to design \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) such that \(H_1(s) + H_2(s) = 1\) (complementary property) and such that \(\left\| \begin{matrix} H_1 N_1 \\ H_2 N_2 \end{matrix} \right\|_2\) is minimized (minimized RMS value of the super sensor noise). This is done using the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) synthesis in Section 3.1.

3.1 \(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis

Consider the generalized plant \(P_{\mathcal{H}_2}\) shown in Figure 9 and described by Equation \eqref{eq:H2_generalized_plant}.

h_two_optimal_fusion.png

Figure 9: Architecture used for \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis of complementary filters

\begin{equation} \label{eq:H2_generalized_plant} \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \\ v \end{pmatrix} = \underbrace{\begin{bmatrix} N_1 & -N_1 \\ 0 & N_2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}}_{P_{\mathcal{H}_2}} \begin{pmatrix} w \\ u \end{pmatrix} \end{equation}

Applying the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) synthesis on \(P_{\mathcal{H}_2}\) will generate a filter \(H_2(s)\) such that the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) norm from \(w\) to \((z_1,z_2)\) which is actually equals to \(\sigma_n\) by defining \(H_1(s) = 1 - H_2(s)\):

\begin{equation} \left\| \begin{matrix} z_1/w \\ z_2/w \end{matrix} \right\|_2 = \left\| \begin{matrix} N_1 (1 - H_2) \\ N_2 H_2 \end{matrix} \right\|_2 = \sigma_n \quad \text{with} \quad H_1(s) = 1 - H_2(s) \end{equation}

We then have that the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) synthesis applied on \(P_{\mathcal{H}_2}\) generates two complementary filters \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) such that the RMS value of super sensor noise is minimized.

The generalized plant \(P_{\mathcal{H}_2}\) is defined below 

PH2 = [N1 -N1;
       0   N2;
       1   0];

The \(\mathcal{H}_2\) synthesis using the h2syn command 

[H2, ~, gamma] = h2syn(PH2, 1, 1);

Finally, \(H_1(s)\) is defined as follows 

H1 = 1 - H2;

The obtained complementary filters are shown in Figure 10.

htwo_comp_filters.png

Figure 10: Obtained complementary filters using the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis

3.2 Super Sensor Noise

The Power Spectral Density of the individual sensors’ noise \(\Phi_{n_1}, \Phi_{n_2}\) and of the super sensor noise \(\Phi_{n_{\mathcal{H}_2}}\) are computed below. 

PSD_S1 = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N1,    freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;
PSD_S2 = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N2,    freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;
PSD_H2 = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N1*H1, freqs, 'Hz'))).^2 + ...
         abs(squeeze(freqresp(N2*H2, freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;

The obtained ASD are shown in Figure 11.

The RMS value of the individual sensors and of the super sensor are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: RMS value of the individual sensor noise and of the super sensor using the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis
  RMS value \([m/s]\)
\(\sigma_{n_1}\) 0.015
\(\sigma_{n_2}\) 0.080
\(\sigma_{n_{\mathcal{H}_2}}\) 0.003

psd_sensors_htwo_synthesis.png

Figure 11: Power Spectral Density of the estimated \(\hat{x}\) using the two sensors alone and using the optimally fused signal

A time domain simulation is now performed. The measured velocity \(x\) is set to be a sweep sine with an amplitude of \(0.1\ [m/s]\). The velocity estimates from the two sensors and from the super sensors are shown in Figure 12. The resulting noises are displayed in Figure 13.

super_sensor_time_domain_h2.png

Figure 12: Noise of individual sensors and noise of the super sensor

sensor_noise_H2_time_domain.png

Figure 13: Noise of the two sensors \(n_1, n_2\) and noise of the super sensor \(n\)

3.3 Discrepancy between sensor dynamics and model

If we consider sensor dynamical uncertainty as explained in Section 1.2, we can compute what would be the super sensor dynamical uncertainty when using the complementary filters obtained using the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis.

The super sensor dynamical uncertainty is shown in Figure 14.

It is shown that the phase uncertainty is not bounded between 100Hz and 200Hz. As a result the super sensor signal can not be used for feedback applications about 100Hz.

super_sensor_dynamical_uncertainty_H2.png

Figure 14: Super sensor dynamical uncertainty when using the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis

4 Robust Sensor Fusion: \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

We initially considered perfectly known sensor dynamics so that it can be perfectly inverted.

We now take into account the fact that the sensor dynamics is only partially known. To do so, we model the uncertainty that we have on the sensor dynamics by multiplicative input uncertainty as shown in Figure 15.

sensor_fusion_arch_uncertainty.png

Figure 15: Sensor fusion architecture with sensor dynamics uncertainty

As explained in Section 1.2, at each frequency \(\omega\), the dynamical uncertainty of the super sensor can be represented in the complex plane by a circle with a radius equals to \(|H_1(j\omega) W_1(j\omega)| + |H_2(j\omega) W_2(j\omega)|\) and centered on 1.

In order to specify a wanted upper bound on the dynamical uncertainty, a weight \(W_u(s)\) is used where \(1/|W_u(j\omega)|\) represents the maximum allowed radius of the uncertainty circle corresponding to the super sensor dynamics at a frequency \(\omega\) \eqref{eq:upper_bound_uncertainty}.

\begin{align} & |H_1(j\omega) W_1(j\omega)| + |H_2(j\omega) W_2(j\omega)| < \frac{1}{|W_u(j\omega)|}, \quad \forall \omega \label{eq:upper_bound_uncertainty} \\ \Leftrightarrow & |H_1(j\omega) W_1(j\omega) W_u(j\omega)| + |H_2(j\omega) W_2(j\omega) W_u(j\omega)| < 1, \quad \forall\omega \label{eq:upper_bound_uncertainty_bis} \end{align}

\(|W_u(j\omega)|\) is also linked to the gain uncertainty \(\Delta G\) \eqref{eq:gain_uncertainty_bound} and phase uncertainty \(\Delta\phi\) \eqref{eq:phase_uncertainty_bound} of the super sensor.

\begin{align} \Delta G (\omega) &\le \frac{1}{|W_u(j\omega)|}, \quad \forall\omega \label{eq:gain_uncertainty_bound} \\ \Delta \phi (\omega) &\le \arcsin\left(\frac{1}{|W_u(j\omega)|}\right), \quad \forall\omega \label{eq:phase_uncertainty_bound} \end{align}

The choice of \(W_u\) is presented in Section 4.1.

Condition \eqref{eq:upper_bound_uncertainty_bis} can almost be represented by \eqref{eq:hinf_norm_uncertainty} (within a factor \(\sqrt{2}\)).

\begin{equation} \left\| \begin{matrix} H_1(s) W_1(s) W_u(s) \\ H_2(s) W_2(s) W_u(s) \end{matrix} \right\|_\infty < 1 \label{eq:hinf_norm_uncertainty} \end{equation}

The objective is to design \(H_1(s)\) and \(H_2(s)\) such that \(H_1(s) + H_2(s) = 1\) (complementary property) and such that \eqref{eq:hinf_norm_uncertainty} is verified (bounded dynamical uncertainty).

This is done using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis in Section 4.2.

4.1 Weighting Function used to bound the super sensor uncertainty

\(W_u(s)\) is defined such that the super sensor phase uncertainty is less than 10 degrees below 100Hz \eqref{eq:phase_uncertainy_bound_low_freq} and is less than 180 degrees below 400Hz \eqref{eq:phase_uncertainty_max}.

\begin{align} \frac{1}{|W_u(j\omega)|} &< \sin\left(10 \frac{\pi}{180}\right), \quad \omega < 100\,\text{Hz} \label{eq:phase_uncertainy_bound_low_freq} \\ \frac{1}{|W_u(j 2 \pi 400)|} &< 1 \label{eq:phase_uncertainty_max} \end{align}

The uncertainty bounds of the two individual sensor as well as the wanted maximum uncertainty bounds of the super sensor are shown in Figure 16. 

Dphi = 10; % [deg]

Wu = createWeight('n', 2, 'w0', 2*pi*4e2, 'G0', 1/sin(Dphi*pi/180), 'G1', 1/4, 'Gc', 1);

weight_uncertainty_bounds_Wu.png

Figure 16: Uncertainty region of the two sensors as well as the wanted maximum uncertainty of the super sensor (dashed lines)

4.2 \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

The generalized plant \(P_{\mathcal{H}_\infty}\) used for the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis of the complementary filters is shown in Figure 17 and is described by Equation \eqref{eq:Hinf_generalized_plant}.

h_infinity_robust_fusion.png

Figure 17: Architecture used for \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis of complementary filters

\begin{equation} \label{eq:Hinf_generalized_plant} \begin{pmatrix} z_1 \\ z_2 \\ v \end{pmatrix} = \underbrace{\begin{bmatrix} W_u W_1 & -W_u W_1 \\ 0 & W_u W_2 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}}_{P_{\mathcal{H}_\infty}} \begin{pmatrix} w \\ u \end{pmatrix} \end{equation}

The generalized plant is defined below. 

P = [Wu*W1 -Wu*W1;
     0      Wu*W2;
     1      0];

And the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis is performed using the hinfsyn command. 

H2 = hinfsyn(P, 1, 1,'TOLGAM', 0.001, 'DISPLAY', 'on');

Test bounds:  0.7071 <=  gamma  <=  1.291

  gamma        X>=0        Y>=0       rho(XY)<1    p/f
9.554e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     3.529e-16     p
8.219e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     5.204e-16     p
7.624e-01     3.8e-17     0.0e+00     1.955e-15     p
7.342e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     5.612e-16     p
7.205e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     7.184e-16     p
7.138e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     0.000e+00     p
7.104e-01     4.1e-16     0.0e+00     6.749e-15     p
7.088e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     2.794e-15     p
7.079e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     6.503e-16     p
7.075e-01     0.0e+00     0.0e+00     4.302e-15     p

Best performance (actual): 0.7071

The \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) is successful as the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm of the “closed loop” transfer function from \((w)\) to \((z_1,\ z_2)\) is less than one.

\(H_1(s)\) is then defined as the complementary of \(H_2(s)\). 

H1 = 1 - H2;

The obtained complementary filters as well as the wanted upper bounds are shown in Figure 18.

hinf_comp_filters.png

Figure 18: Obtained complementary filters using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

4.3 Super sensor uncertainty

The super sensor dynamical uncertainty is displayed in Figure 19. It is confirmed that the super sensor dynamical uncertainty is less than the maximum allowed uncertainty defined by the norm of \(W_u(s)\).

The \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis thus allows to design filters such that the super sensor has specified bounded uncertainty.

super_sensor_dynamical_uncertainty_Hinf.png

Figure 19: Super sensor dynamical uncertainty (solid curve) when using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

4.4 Super sensor noise

We now compute the obtain Power Spectral Density of the super sensor’s noise. The Amplitude Spectral Densities are shown in Figure 20. 

PSD_S2   = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N2,    freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;
PSD_S1   = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N1,    freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;
PSD_Hinf = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N1*H1, freqs, 'Hz'))).^2 + ...
           abs(squeeze(freqresp(N2*H2, freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;

The obtained RMS of the super sensor noise in the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) and \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) case are shown in Table 4. As expected, the super sensor obtained from the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis is much noisier than the super sensor obtained from the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) synthesis.

psd_sensors_hinf_synthesis.png

Figure 20: Power Spectral Density of the estimated \(\hat{x}\) using the two sensors alone and using the

Table 4: Comparison of the obtained RMS noise of the super sensor
  RMS [m/s]
Optimal: \(\mathcal{H}_2\) 0.0027
Robust: \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) 0.041

4.5 Conclusion

Using the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis, the dynamical uncertainty of the super sensor can be bounded to acceptable values.

However, the RMS of the super sensor noise is not optimized as it was the case with the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) synthesis

5 Optimal and Robust Sensor Fusion: Mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

The (optima) \(\mathcal{H}_2\) synthesis and the (robust) \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis are now combined to form an Optimal and Robust synthesis of complementary filters for sensor fusion.

The sensor fusion architecture is shown in Figure 21 (\(\hat{G}_i\) are omitted for space reasons).

sensor_fusion_arch_full.png

Figure 21: Sensor fusion architecture with sensor dynamics uncertainty

The goal is to design complementary filters such that:

  • the maximum uncertainty of the super sensor is bounded to acceptable values (defined by \(W_u(s)\))
  • the RMS value of the super sensor noise is minimized

To do so, we can use the Mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis presented in Section 5.1.

5.1 Mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2\) / \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

The synthesis architecture that is used here is shown in Figure 22.

The filter \(H_2(s)\) is synthesized such that it:

  • keeps the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm of the transfer function from \(w\) to \(z_{\mathcal{H}_\infty}\) bellow some specified value
  • minimizes the \(\mathcal{H}_2\) norm of the transfer function from \(w\) to \(z_{\mathcal{H}_2}\)

mixed_h2_hinf_synthesis.png

Figure 22: Mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

Let’s see that with \(H_1(s)= 1 - H_2(s)\)

\begin{align} \left\| \frac{z_\infty}{w} \right\|_\infty &= \left\| \begin{matrix}H_1(s) W_1(s) W_u(s)\\ H_2(s) W_2(s) W_u(s)\end{matrix} \right\|_\infty \\ \left\| \frac{z_2}{w} \right\|_2 &= \left\| \begin{matrix}H_1(s) N_1(s) \\ H_2(s) N_2(s)\end{matrix} \right\|_2 = \sigma_n \end{align}

The generalized plant \(P_{\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty}\) is defined below 

W1u = ss(W2*Wu); W2u = ss(W1*Wu); % Weight on the uncertainty
W1n = ss(N2); W2n = ss(N1); % Weight on the noise

P = [Wu*W1 -Wu*W1;
     0      Wu*W2;
     N1    -N1;
     0      N2;
     1      0];

And the mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis is performed. 

[H2, ~] = h2hinfsyn(ss(P), 1, 1, 2, [0, 1], 'HINFMAX', 1, 'H2MAX', Inf, 'DKMAX', 100, 'TOL', 1e-3, 'DISPLAY', 'on');

H1 = 1 - H2;

The obtained complementary filters are shown in Figure 23.

htwo_hinf_comp_filters.png

Figure 23: Obtained complementary filters after mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis

5.2 Obtained Super Sensor’s noise

The Amplitude Spectral Density of the super sensor’s noise is shown in Figure 24.

A time domain simulation is shown in Figure 25.

The RMS values of the super sensor noise for the presented three synthesis are listed in Table 5. 

PSD_S2     = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N2,    freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;
PSD_S1     = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N1,    freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;
PSD_H2Hinf = abs(squeeze(freqresp(N1*H1, freqs, 'Hz'))).^2 + ...
             abs(squeeze(freqresp(N2*H2, freqs, 'Hz'))).^2;

psd_sensors_htwo_hinf_synthesis.png

Figure 24: Power Spectral Density of the Super Sensor obtained with the mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis

super_sensor_time_domain_h2_hinf.png

Figure 25: Noise of individual sensors and noise of the super sensor

Table 5: Comparison of the obtained RMS noise of the super sensor
  RMS [m/s]
Optimal: \(\mathcal{H}_2\) 0.0027
Robust: \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) 0.041
Mixed: \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) 0.0098

5.3 Obtained Super Sensor’s Uncertainty

The uncertainty on the super sensor’s dynamics is shown in Figure 26.

super_sensor_dynamical_uncertainty_Htwo_Hinf.png

Figure 26: Super sensor dynamical uncertainty (solid curve) when using the mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis

5.4 Conclusion

The mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis of the complementary filters allows to:

  • limit the dynamical uncertainty of the super sensor
  • minimize the RMS value of the estimation

6 Matlab Functions

6.1 createWeight

This Matlab function is accessible here. 

function [W] = createWeight(args)
% createWeight -
%
% Syntax: [in_data] = createWeight(in_data)
%
% Inputs:
%    - n  - Weight Order
%    - G0 - Low frequency Gain
%    - G1 - High frequency Gain
%    - Gc - Gain of W at frequency w0
%    - w0 - Frequency at which |W(j w0)| = Gc
%
% Outputs:
%    - W - Generated Weight

    arguments
        args.n  (1,1) double {mustBeInteger, mustBePositive} = 1
        args.G0 (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 0.1
        args.G1 (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 10
        args.Gc (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
        args.w0 (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
    end

  mustBeBetween(args.G0, args.Gc, args.G1);

  s = tf('s');

  W = (((1/args.w0)*sqrt((1-(args.G0/args.Gc)^(2/args.n))/(1-(args.Gc/args.G1)^(2/args.n)))*s + (args.G0/args.Gc)^(1/args.n))/((1/args.G1)^(1/args.n)*(1/args.w0)*sqrt((1-(args.G0/args.Gc)^(2/args.n))/(1-(args.Gc/args.G1)^(2/args.n)))*s + (1/args.Gc)^(1/args.n)))^args.n;

  end

  % Custom validation function
  function mustBeBetween(a,b,c)
      if ~((a > b && b > c) || (c > b && b > a))
          eid = 'createWeight:inputError';
          msg = 'Gc should be between G0 and G1.';
          throwAsCaller(MException(eid,msg))
      end
  end

6.2 plotMagUncertainty

This Matlab function is accessible here. 

function [p] = plotMagUncertainty(W, freqs, args)
% plotMagUncertainty -
%
% Syntax: [p] = plotMagUncertainty(W, freqs, args)
%
% Inputs:
%    - W     - Multiplicative Uncertainty Weight
%    - freqs - Frequency Vector [Hz]
%    - args  - Optional Arguments:
%      - G
%      - color_i
%      - opacity
%
% Outputs:
%    - p - Plot Handle

arguments
    W
    freqs double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative}
    args.G = tf(1)
    args.color_i (1,1) double {mustBeInteger, mustBePositive} = 1
    args.opacity (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 0.3
    args.DisplayName char = ''
end

% Get defaults colors
colors = get(groot, 'defaultAxesColorOrder');

p = patch([freqs flip(freqs)], ...
          [abs(squeeze(freqresp(args.G, freqs, 'Hz'))).*(1 + abs(squeeze(freqresp(W, freqs, 'Hz')))); ...
           flip(abs(squeeze(freqresp(args.G, freqs, 'Hz'))).*max(1 - abs(squeeze(freqresp(W, freqs, 'Hz'))), 1e-6))], 'w', ...
          'DisplayName', args.DisplayName);

p.FaceColor = colors(args.color_i, :);
p.EdgeColor = 'none';
p.FaceAlpha = args.opacity;

end

6.3 plotPhaseUncertainty

This Matlab function is accessible here. 

function [p] = plotPhaseUncertainty(W, freqs, args)
% plotPhaseUncertainty -
%
% Syntax: [p] = plotPhaseUncertainty(W, freqs, args)
%
% Inputs:
%    - W     - Multiplicative Uncertainty Weight
%    - freqs - Frequency Vector [Hz]
%    - args  - Optional Arguments:
%      - G
%      - color_i
%      - opacity
%
% Outputs:
%    - p - Plot Handle

arguments
    W
    freqs double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative}
    args.G = tf(1)
    args.color_i (1,1) double {mustBeInteger, mustBePositive} = 1
    args.opacity (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 0.3
    args.DisplayName char = ''
end

% Get defaults colors
colors = get(groot, 'defaultAxesColorOrder');

% Compute Phase Uncertainty
Dphi = 180/pi*asin(abs(squeeze(freqresp(W, freqs, 'Hz'))));
Dphi(abs(squeeze(freqresp(W, freqs, 'Hz'))) > 1) = 360;

% Compute Plant Phase
G_ang = 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(args.G, freqs, 'Hz')));

p = patch([freqs flip(freqs)], [G_ang+Dphi; flip(G_ang-Dphi)], 'w', ...
          'DisplayName', args.DisplayName);

p.FaceColor = colors(args.color_i, :);
p.EdgeColor = 'none';
p.FaceAlpha = args.opacity;

end

ref.bib

Author: Thomas Dehaeze

Created: 2020-10-05 lun. 11:45