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#+TITLE: Robust and Optimal Sensor Fusion
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#+AUTHOR: @@latex:\textit{University of Liege}, Belgium \\@@
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#+AUTHOR: @@latex:\textit{Free University of Brussels}, Belgium\\@@
#+AUTHOR: @@latex:\textit{Precision Mechatronics Laboratory} \\@@
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* Abstract :ignore:
@ -70,8 +77,9 @@
Abstract text to be done
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complementary filters, h-infinity, feedback control
Complementary Filters, Sensor Fusion, H-Infinity Synthesis
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* Introduction
@ -82,10 +90,20 @@
** Sensor Fusion Architecture
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** Robustness Problem
@ -95,10 +113,25 @@
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* Optimal and Robust Sensor Fusion: Mixed $\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty$ Synthesis
@ -106,10 +139,20 @@
** Sensor Fusion Architecture
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** Mixed $\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty$ Synthesis
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** Example
* Experimental Validation

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% Created 2019-08-21 mer. 13:19
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\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Dehaeze Thomas\IEEEauthorrefmark{*} and Collette Christophe} \\ \IEEEauthorblockA{Precision Mechatronics Laboratory, ULB\\ Brussels, Belgium\\ Email: \IEEEauthorrefmark{*}dehaeze.thomas@gmail.com}}
\date{2019-08-21}
\title{Optimal and Robust Sensor Fusion using Complementary Filters}
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\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Dehaeze Thomas} \IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{European Synchrotron Radiation Facility} \\ Grenoble, France\\ \textit{Precision Mechatronics Laboratory} \\ \textit{University of Liege}, Belgium \\ thomas.dehaeze@esrf.fr }\and \IEEEauthorblockN{Collette Christophe} \IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{BEAMS Department}\\ \textit{Free University of Brussels}, Belgium\\ \textit{Precision Mechatronics Laboratory} \\ \textit{University of Liege}, Belgium \\ ccollett@ulb.ac.be }}
\date{2020-08-17}
\title{Robust and Optimal Sensor Fusion}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\begin{abstract}
Abstract text to be done
\end{abstract}
\begin{IEEEkeywords}
complementary filters, h-infinity, feedback control
Complementary Filters, Sensor Fusion, H-Infinity Synthesis
\end{IEEEkeywords}
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:org77eabad}
\label{sec:introduction}
The basic idea of a complementary filter involves taking two or more sensors, filtering out unreliable frequencies for each sensor and combining the filtered outputs to get a better estimate throughout the entire bandwidth of the system.
To achieve this, the sensors included in the filter should complement one another by performing better over specific parts of the system bandwidth.
A set of filters is said to be complementary if the sum of their transfer functions is equal to one at all frequencies, (i.e.) its magnitude is one and its phase is zero.
\label{sec:org1c3c846}
\label{sec:introduction}
The proper design of this particular kind of filter is of primary importance in a wide range of applications.
Often, multiple sensors with different noise or dynamical properties are used to measure the same physical quantity.
In such case, complementary filters can be used to merge the sensors and forms a "super sensor" that has gives a better estimate of the physical quantity over a wider bandwidth.
This is called sensor blending or sensor fusion.
\section{Optimal Super Sensor Noise: \(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis}
\label{sec:org92b3e9e}
\label{sec:optimal_fusion}
This is widely used for the attitude estimation of unmanned aerial vehicles using various kind of sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, vision sensors, inclinometer) \cite{zimmermann92_high_bandw_orien_measur_contr,corke04_inert_visual_sensin_system_small_auton_helic,min15_compl_filter_desig_angle_estim}.
\cite{shaw90_bandw_enhan_posit_measur_using_measur_accel} Fast position measurement of flexible structure
\cite{matichard15_seism_isolat_advan_ligo} (relative displacement measurement at low frequencies with inertial at high frequencies)
\cite{hua04_polyp_fir_compl_filter_contr_system}
\cite{collette15_sensor_fusion_method_high_perfor}
The design methods for such filters goes from simple analytical formulas
\cite{corke04_inert_visual_sensin_system_small_auton_helic}
\cite{min15_compl_filter_desig_angle_estim}
\cite{jensen13_basic_uas}
\cite{shaw90_bandw_enhan_posit_measur_using_measur_accel}
\cite{zimmermann92_high_bandw_orien_measur_contr}
\cite{matichard15_seism_isolat_advan_ligo}
\cite{collette15_sensor_fusion_method_high_perfor}
\cite{hua05_low_ligo}
\cite{hua04_polyp_fir_compl_filter_contr_system}
\cite{matichard15_seism_isolat_advan_ligo}
\cite{mahony08_nonlin_compl_filter_special_orthog_group}
\cite{pascoal99_navig_system_desig_using_time}
\cite{jensen13_basic_uas} (feedback system, P, PI, classical control theory for filter design)
\cite{brown72_integ_navig_system_kalman_filter}
\cite{pascoal99_navig_system_desig_using_time}
\cite{min15_compl_filter_desig_angle_estim}
Although
In this paper, we propose
The body of the paper consists of five parts followed by a conclusion.
\section{H-Infinity synthesis of complementary filters}
\label{sec:org5f39b25}
\label{sec:hinf_filters}
First order complementary filters are easy to synthesize. For instance, one can use the following filters
\begin{equation}
H_H(s) = \frac{s/\w_0}{1 + s/\w_0}; \quad H_L(s) = \frac{1}{1 + s/\w_0}
\end{equation}
with \(\w_0\) is the tuning parameter corresponding to the crossover frequency of the filters.
However, the manual design of higher order complementary filters is far more complex and we have to use an automatic synthesis technique.
As shown in Sec. \ref{sec:trans_perf}, most of the performance requirements can be expressed as upper bounds on the magnitude of the complementary filters.
Thus, the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) framework seems adapted and we here propose a technique to synthesis complementary filters while specifying uppers bounds on their magnitudes.
\subsection{\(\hinf\) problem formulation}
\label{sec:org9a24692}
\label{sec:hinf_conf}
In this section, we formulate the \(\hinf\) problem for the synthesis of complementary filters.
The synthesis objective is to shape an high pass filter \(H_H\) and a low pass filter \(H_L\) while ensuring their complementary property (\(H_H + H_L = 1\)).
To do so, we define two weighting functions \(w_L\) and \(w_H\) that will respectively used to shape \(H_L\) and \(H_H\).
The synthesis problem is then
\begin{subnumcases}{\text{Find } H_L, H_H \text{ such that}}
H_L \text{ and } H_H \text{ are stable} \label{eq:hinf_cond_stability}\\
H_L + H_H = 1 \label{eq:hinf_cond_complementarity} \\
|w_L H_L| \le 1 \quad \forall\omega \label{eq:hinf_cond_hl} \\
|w_H H_H| \le 1 \quad \forall\omega \label{eq:hinf_cond_hh}
\end{subnumcases}
To express this synthesis problem into an \(\hinf\) synthesis problem, we define the following generalized plant \(P\) (also shown on Fig. \ref{fig:sf_hinf_filters_plant_b}):
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:generalized_plant}
\colvec{w\\u} = P \colvec{z_H \\ z_L \\ v}; \quad P = \begin{bmatrix} w_H & -w_H \\ 0 & w_L \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
\subsection{Sensor Fusion Architecture}
\label{sec:org3678a87}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{./figs/sf_hinf_filters_plant_b.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:sf_hinf_filters_plant_b}
Generalized plant for the synthesis of the complementary filters}
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/sensor_fusion_noise_arch.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:sensor_fusion_noise_arch}Figure caption}
\end{figure}
The \(\hinf\) synthesis objective is then to design a stable filter \(H_L\) (Fig. \ref{fig:sf_hinf_filters_b}) such that the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm of the transfer function from \(w\) to \([z_H, \ z_L]\) is less than \(1\):
\begin{equation}
\hnorm{\begin{matrix} (1 - H_L) w_H \\ H_L w_L \end{matrix}} \le 1
\end{equation}
Which is equivalent to
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:hinf_problem}
\hnorm{\begin{matrix} H_H w_H \\ H_L w_L \end{matrix}} < 1 \text{ by choosing } H_H = 1 - H_L
\end{equation}
\subsection{Super Sensor Noise}
\label{sec:orgdea8e6d}
\subsection{\(\mathcal{H}_2\) Synthesis of Complementary Filters}
\label{sec:org22b990a}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{./figs/sf_hinf_filters_b.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:sf_hinf_filters_b}
\(\hinf\text{-synthesis}\) of complementary filters}
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/h_two_optimal_fusion.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:h_two_optimal_fusion}Figure caption}
\end{figure}
Performance conditions \eqref{eq:hinf_cond_hl} and \eqref{eq:hinf_cond_hl} are satisfied by \eqref{eq:hinf_problem}.
Complementary condition \eqref{eq:hinf_cond_complementarity} is satisfied by design: \(H_H = 1 - H_L\) and thus \(H_L + H_H = 1\).
The stability condition \eqref{eq:hinf_cond_stability} is guaranteed by the \(H_\infty\) synthesis (\textbf{reference}).
\subsection{Example}
\label{sec:orge0d6784}
\subsection{Robustness Problem}
\label{sec:orgce865b5}
Using this synthesis method, we are then able to shape at the same time the high pass and low pass filters while ensuring their complementary.
\section{Robust Sensor Fusion: \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis}
\label{sec:org67d4941}
\label{sec:robust_fusion}
\subsection{Control requirements as \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) norm of complementary filters}
\label{sec:org48e11e8}
As presented in Sec. \ref{sec:trans_perf}, almost all the requirements can be specified with upper bounds on the complementary filters.
However, robust performance condition \eqref{eq:robust_perf_a} is not.
\subsection{Representation of Sensor Dynamical Uncertainty}
\label{sec:orgc542dcc}
With the \(\mathcal{H}_\infty\) synthesis the condition \eqref{eq:hinf_problem} only ensure
\begin{align*}
\hnorm{\begin{matrix} H_H w_H \\ H_L w_L \end{matrix}} \le 1 &\Leftrightarrow \max_\omega \sqrt{|w_L H_L|^2 + |w_H H_H|^2} \le 1\\
&\Rightarrow |w_L H_L| + |w_H H_H| \le \sqrt{2} \quad \forall\omega
\end{align*}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/sensor_fusion_arch_uncertainty.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:sensor_fusion_arch_uncertainty}Figure caption}
\end{figure}
And thus we have almost robust stability.
\subsection{Super Sensor Dynamical Uncertainty}
\label{sec:org394776d}
\subsection{Choice of the weighting functions}
\label{sec:orgb8575b8}
\label{sec:hinf_weighting_func}
We here give some advice on the choice of the weighting functions used for the synthesis of the complementary filters.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/uncertainty_set_super_sensor.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:uncertainty_set_super_sensor}Figure caption}
\end{figure}
The shape should be such that the performance requirements are met as explain in Sec. \ref{sec:trans_perf}.
\subsection{\(\mathcal{H_\infty}\) Synthesis of Complementary Filters}
\label{sec:org1b01372}
However, one should be careful when designing the complementary filters, and should only use stable and minimum phase transfer functions.
The order of the weights should stay reasonably small as this will increase the complexity of the optimization problem.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/h_infinity_robust_fusion.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:h_infinity_robust_fusion}Figure caption}
\end{figure}
One should not forget the fundamental limitations of feedback control such that \(S + T = 1\).
Similarly, we here have that \(H_L + H_H = 1\) which implies that \(H_L\) and \(H_H\) cannot be made small at the same time.
\subsection{Example}
\label{sec:orgaa648f2}
\subsection{Trade-off between performance and robustness}
\label{sec:orgc90eaf9}
\section{Optimal and Robust Sensor Fusion: Mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis}
\label{sec:orgf084670}
\label{sec:optimal_robust_fusion}
\subsection{Analytical formula of complementary filters}
\label{sec:org52d63ba}
\label{sec:analytical_complementary_filters}
To simplify the synthesis, one can use already synthesized filters
\subsection{Sensor Fusion Architecture}
\label{sec:org3c9692b}
\begin{align}
H_L(s) = \frac{1}{1 + \frac{s}{\omega_0}}\\
H_H(s) = \frac{\frac{s}{\omega_0}}{1 + \frac{s}{\omega_0}}
\end{align}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/sensor_fusion_arch_full.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:sensor_fusion_arch_full}Figure caption}
\end{figure}
\begin{align}
H_L(s) &= \frac{(1+\alpha) (\frac{s}{\omega_0})+1}{\left((\frac{s}{\omega_0})+1\right) \left((\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + \alpha (\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + 1\right)}\\
H_H(s) &= \frac{(\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 \left((\frac{s}{\omega_0})+1+\alpha\right)}{\left((\frac{s}{\omega_0})+1\right) \left((\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + \alpha (\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + 1\right)}
\end{align}
\subsection{Synthesis Objective}
\label{sec:orgae68b29}
\begin{align}
H_L(s) &= \frac{\left(1+(\alpha+1)(\beta+1)\right) (\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + (1+\alpha+\beta)(\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + 1}{\left(\frac{s}{\omega_0} + 1\right) \left( (\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + \alpha (\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + 1 \right) \left( (\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + \beta (\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + 1 \right)}\\
H_H(s) &= \frac{(\frac{s}{\omega_0})^3 \left( (\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + (1+\alpha+\beta) (\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + (1+(\alpha+1)(\beta+1)) \right)}{\left(\frac{s}{\omega_0} + 1\right) \left( (\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + \alpha (\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + 1 \right) \left( (\frac{s}{\omega_0})^2 + \beta (\frac{s}{\omega_0}) + 1 \right)}
\end{align}
\subsection{Mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis}
\label{sec:org92a0c83}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figs/mixed_h2_hinf_synthesis.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:mixed_h2_hinf_synthesis}Figure caption}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Example}
\label{sec:org9ab5cae}
\section{Experimental Validation}
\label{sec:org6e8847d}
\label{sec:experimental_validation}
\subsection{Experimental Setup}
\label{sec:orgc64e6fd}
\subsection{Sensor Noise and Dynamical Uncertainty}
\label{sec:orge0cb611}
\subsection{Mixed \(\mathcal{H}_2/\mathcal{H}_\infty\) Synthesis}
\label{sec:org952072f}
\subsection{Super Sensor Noise and Dynamical Uncertainty}
\label{sec:org777e3ba}
\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:orgb80d2a2}
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:orgdccbd69}
\label{sec:orgaeb27bf}
\label{sec:conclusion}
\section{Acknowledgment}
\label{sec:org8f4226e}
\label{sec:orgae04552}
\bibliography{ref}
\end{document}