#+TITLE: Measurement of Piezoelectric Amplifiers
:DRAWER:
#+LANGUAGE: en
#+EMAIL: dehaeze.thomas@gmail.com
#+AUTHOR: Dehaeze Thomas

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#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex  :headers '("\\usepackage{tikz}" "\\usepackage{import}" "\\import{$HOME/Cloud/tikz/org/}{config.tex}")
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :imagemagick t :fit yes
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :iminoptions -scale 100% -density 150
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :imoutoptions -quality 100
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :results raw replace :buffer no
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :eval no-export
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#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :output-dir figs
#+PROPERTY: header-args:latex+ :post pdf2svg(file=*this*, ext="png")

#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab  :session *MATLAB*
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :tangle filters.m
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :comments org
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :exports both
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :results none
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :eval no-export
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :noweb yes
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :mkdirp yes
#+PROPERTY: header-args:matlab+ :output-dir figs
:END:

* Introduction                                                        :ignore:

Two voltage amplifiers are tested:
- PI E-505.00 ([[https://www.pi-usa.us/en/products/controllers-drivers-motion-control-software/piezo-drivers-controllers-power-supplies-high-voltage-amplifiers/e-505-piezo-amplifier-module-602300/][link]])
- Cedrat Technology LA75B ([[https://www.cedrat-technologies.com/en/products/piezo-controllers/electronic-amplifier-boards.html][link]])

The piezoelectric actuator under test is an APA95ML from Cedrat technology.
It contains three stacks with a capacitance of $5 \mu F$ each that can be connected independently to the amplifier.

* Effect of a change of capacitance
** Matlab Init                                             :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
  <<matlab-dir>>
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
  <<matlab-init>>
#+end_src

** Cedrat Technology
Load Data
#+begin_src matlab
  piezo1 = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_med_1_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  piezo2 = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_med_2_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  piezo3 = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_med_3_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
#+end_src

Compute Coherence and Transfer functions
#+begin_src matlab
  Ts = 1e-4;
  win = hann(ceil(0.1/Ts));

  [tf_1, f] = tfestimate(piezo1.V_in, piezo1.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_1, ~] = mscohere(piezo1.V_in, piezo1.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_2, ~] = tfestimate(piezo2.V_in, piezo2.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_2, ~] = mscohere(piezo2.V_in, piezo2.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_3, ~] = tfestimate(piezo3.V_in, piezo3.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_3, ~] = mscohere(piezo3.V_in, piezo3.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
#+end_src

We remove the phase delay due to the time delay of the ADC/DAC:
#+begin_src matlab
  angle_delay = 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(exp(-s*Ts), f, 'Hz')));
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none
  figure;
  ax1 = subplot(2, 1, 1);
  hold on;
  plot(f, abs(tf_1), 'DisplayName', '1 stack')
  plot(f, abs(tf_2), 'DisplayName', '2 stacks')
  plot(f, abs(tf_3), 'DisplayName', '3 stacks')
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'log');
  ylabel('Amplitude'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  legend('location', 'southwest');
  ylim([1, 40]);

  ax2 = subplot(2, 1, 2);
  hold on;
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_1))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_2))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_3))-angle_delay)
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'lin');
  ylabel('Phase'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  ylim([-270, 90]);
  yticks(-360:90:90)

  linkaxes([ax1,ax2], 'x');
  xlim([10, 5000]);
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
  exportFig('figs/change_capa_cedrat.pdf', 'width', 'full', 'height', 'full');
#+end_src

#+name: fig:change_capa_cedrat
#+caption: Effect of a change of the piezo capacitance on the Amplifier transfer function
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/change_capa_cedrat.png]]

** PI
#+begin_src matlab
  piezo1 = load('mat/pi_505_high.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  piezo2 = load('mat/pi_505_high_2_stacks.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  piezo3 = load('mat/pi_505_high_3_stacks.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab
  Ts = 1e-4;
  win = hann(ceil(0.1/Ts));

  [tf_1, f] = tfestimate(piezo1.V_in, piezo1.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_1, ~] = mscohere(piezo1.V_in, piezo1.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_2, ~] = tfestimate(piezo2.V_in, piezo2.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_2, ~] = mscohere(piezo2.V_in, piezo2.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_3, ~] = tfestimate(piezo3.V_in, piezo3.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_3, ~] = mscohere(piezo3.V_in, piezo3.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
#+end_src

We remove the phase delay due to the time delay of the ADC/DAC:
#+begin_src matlab
  angle_delay = 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(exp(-s*Ts), f, 'Hz')));
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none
  figure;
  ax1 = subplot(2, 1, 1);
  hold on;
  plot(f, abs(tf_1), 'DisplayName', '1 stack')
  plot(f, abs(tf_2), 'DisplayName', '2 stacks')
  plot(f, abs(tf_3), 'DisplayName', '3 stacks')
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'log');
  ylabel('Amplitude'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  legend('location', 'southwest');
  ylim([0.05, 11]);

  ax2 = subplot(2, 1, 2);
  hold on;
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_1))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_2))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_3))-angle_delay)
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'lin');
  ylabel('Phase'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  ylim([-360, 0]);
  yticks(-360:90:90)

  linkaxes([ax1,ax2], 'x');
  xlim([10, 5000]);
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
  exportFig('figs/change_capa_pi.pdf', 'width', 'full', 'height', 'full');
#+end_src

#+name: fig:change_capa_pi
#+caption: Effect of a change of the piezo capacitance on the Amplifier transfer function
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/change_capa_pi.png]]

* Effect of a change in Voltage level
** Matlab Init                                             :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
  <<matlab-dir>>
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
  <<matlab-init>>
#+end_src

** Cedrat Technology
#+begin_src matlab
  hi = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_high_1_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  me = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_med_1_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  lo = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_low_1_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab
  Ts = 1e-4;
  win = hann(ceil(0.1/Ts));

  [tf_hi, f] = tfestimate(hi.V_in, hi.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_hi, ~] = mscohere(hi.V_in, hi.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_me, ~] = tfestimate(me.V_in, me.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_me, ~] = mscohere(me.V_in, me.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_lo, ~] = tfestimate(lo.V_in, lo.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_lo, ~] = mscohere(lo.V_in, lo.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
#+end_src

We remove the phase delay due to the time delay of the ADC/DAC:
#+begin_src matlab
  angle_delay = 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(exp(-s*Ts), f, 'Hz')));
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none
  figure;
  ax1 = subplot(2, 1, 1);
  hold on;
  plot(f, abs(tf_lo), 'DisplayName', 'low')
  plot(f, abs(tf_me), 'DisplayName', 'med')
  plot(f, abs(tf_hi), 'DisplayName', 'high')
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'log');
  ylabel('Amplitude'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  legend('location', 'southwest');
  ylim([1, 50]);

  ax2 = subplot(2, 1, 2);
  hold on;
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_lo))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_me))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_hi))-angle_delay)
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'lin');
  ylabel('Phase'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  ylim([-360, 0]);
  yticks(-360:90:90)

  linkaxes([ax1,ax2], 'x');
  xlim([10, 5000]);
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
  exportFig('figs/change_level_cedrat.pdf', 'width', 'full', 'height', 'full');
#+end_src

#+name: fig:change_level_cedrat
#+caption: Effect of a change of voltage level on the Amplifier transfer function
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/change_level_cedrat.png]]

** PI
#+begin_src matlab
  hi = load('mat/pi_505_high.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  lo = load('mat/pi_505_low.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab
  Ts = 1e-4;
  win = hann(ceil(0.1/Ts));

  [tf_hi, f] = tfestimate(hi.V_in, hi.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_hi, ~] = mscohere(hi.V_in, hi.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_lo, ~] = tfestimate(lo.V_in, lo.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_lo, ~] = mscohere(lo.V_in, lo.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none
  figure;
  ax1 = subplot(2, 1, 1);
  hold on;
  plot(f, abs(tf_hi), 'DisplayName', 'high')
  plot(f, abs(tf_lo), 'DisplayName', 'low')
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'log');
  ylabel('Amplitude'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  legend('location', 'southwest');
  ylim([0.1, 20]);

  ax2 = subplot(2, 1, 2);
  hold on;
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_hi))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_lo))-angle_delay)
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'lin');
  ylabel('Phase'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  ylim([-360, 0]);
  yticks(-360:90:90)

  linkaxes([ax1,ax2], 'x');
  xlim([10, 5000]);
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
  exportFig('figs/change_level_pi.pdf', 'width', 'full', 'height', 'full');
#+end_src

#+name: fig:change_level_pi
#+caption: Effect of a change of voltage level on the Amplifier transfer function
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/change_level_pi.png]]

* Comparison PI / Cedrat
** Matlab Init                                             :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
  <<matlab-dir>>
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
  <<matlab-init>>
#+end_src

** Results
#+begin_src matlab
  ce_results = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_high_1_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  pi_results = load('mat/pi_505_high.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab
  Ts = 1e-4;
  win = hann(ceil(0.1/Ts));

  [tf_ce, f] = tfestimate(ce_results.V_in, ce_results.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [tf_pi, ~] = tfestimate(pi_results.V_in, pi_results.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
#+end_src

We remove the phase delay due to the time delay of the ADC/DAC:
#+begin_src matlab
  angle_delay = 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(exp(-s*Ts), f, 'Hz')));
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none
  figure;
  ax1 = subplot(2, 1, 1);
  hold on;
  plot(f, abs(tf_pi), 'DisplayName', 'PI')
  plot(f, abs(tf_ce), 'DisplayName', 'Cedrat')
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'log');
  ylabel('Amplitude'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  legend('location', 'southwest');
  ylim([0.1, 50]);

  ax2 = subplot(2, 1, 2);
  hold on;
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_pi))-angle_delay)
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_ce))-angle_delay)
  set(gca, 'Xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'Yscale', 'lin');
  ylabel('Phase'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  hold off;
  ylim([-270, 90]);
  yticks(-360:90:90)

  linkaxes([ax1,ax2], 'x');
  xlim([10, 5000]);
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
  exportFig('figs/tf_amplifiers_comp.pdf', 'width', 'full', 'height', 'full');
#+end_src

#+name: fig:tf_amplifiers_comp
#+caption: Comparison of the two Amplifier transfer functions
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/tf_amplifiers_comp.png]]

* Impedance Measurement
** Introduction                                                      :ignore:
The goal is to experimentally measure the output impedance of the voltage amplifiers.

To do so, the output voltage is first measure without any load ($V$).
It is then measure when a 10Ohm load is used ($V^\prime$).

The load ($R = 10\Omega$) and the internal resistor ($R_i$) form a voltage divider, and thus:
\[ V^\prime = \frac{R}{R + R_i} V \]

From the two values of voltage, the internal resistor value can be computed:
\[ R_i = R \frac{V - V^\prime}{V^\prime} \]

** Matlab Init                                             :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
  <<matlab-dir>>
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
  <<matlab-init>>
#+end_src

** Cedrat Technology
*** Compute Impedance
#+begin_src matlab
  R = 10;    % Resistive Load used [Ohm]
  V = 0.998; % Output Voltage without any load [V]
  Vp = 0.912; % Output Voltage with resistice load [V]
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :results replace value
  R * (V - Vp)/Vp;
#+end_src

#+RESULTS:
: 0.94298

#+begin_src matlab
  R = 47;    % Resistive Load used [Ohm]
  V = 4.960; % Output Voltage without any load [V]
  Vp = 4.874; % Output Voltage with resistice load [V]
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :results replace value
  R * (V - Vp)/Vp;
#+end_src

#+RESULTS:
: 0.8293

*** Effect of Impedance on the phase drop
#+begin_src matlab
  C_1 = 5e-6; % Capacitance in [F]
  C_2 = 10e-6; % Capacitance in [F]
  C_3 = 15e-6; % Capacitance in [F]

  Ri = R * (V - Vp)/Vp; % Internal resistance [Ohm]
  G0 = 20;

  G_1 = G0/(1+Ri*C_1*s);
  G_2 = G0/(1+Ri*C_2*s);
  G_3 = G0/(1+Ri*C_3*s);
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :exports none
  piezo1 = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_med_1_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  piezo2 = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_med_2_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');
  piezo3 = load('mat/cedrat_la75b_med_3_stack.mat', 't', 'V_in', 'V_out');

  Ts = 1e-4;
  win = hann(ceil(0.1/Ts));

  [tf_1, f] = tfestimate(piezo1.V_in, piezo1.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_1, ~] = mscohere(piezo1.V_in, piezo1.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_2, ~] = tfestimate(piezo2.V_in, piezo2.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_2, ~] = mscohere(piezo2.V_in, piezo2.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  [tf_3, ~] = tfestimate(piezo3.V_in, piezo3.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);
  [co_3, ~] = mscohere(piezo3.V_in, piezo3.V_out, win, [], [], 1/Ts);

  angle_delay = 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(exp(-s*Ts), f, 'Hz')));
#+end_src


#+begin_src matlab :exports none
  freqs = logspace(1, 4, 1000);

  figure;

  ax1 = subplot(2, 1, 1);
  hold on;
  plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(G_1, freqs, 'Hz'))));
  plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(G_2, freqs, 'Hz'))));
  plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(G_3, freqs, 'Hz'))));
  set(gca,'ColorOrderIndex',1);
  plot(f, abs(tf_1), '--')
  plot(f, abs(tf_2), '--')
  plot(f, abs(tf_3), '--')
  hold off;
  set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
  ylabel('Amplitude [m/N]'); set(gca, 'XTickLabel',[]);

  ax2 = subplot(2, 1, 2);
  hold on;
  plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(G_1, freqs, 'Hz'))));
  plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(G_2, freqs, 'Hz'))));
  plot(freqs, 180/pi*angle(squeeze(freqresp(G_3, freqs, 'Hz'))));
  set(gca,'ColorOrderIndex',1);
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_1))-angle_delay, '--')
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_2))-angle_delay, '--')
  plot(f, 180/pi*unwrap(angle(tf_3))-angle_delay, '--')
  hold off;
  set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'lin');
  ylabel('Phase [deg]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
  ylim([-90, 45]);
  yticks([-90:15:45]);

  linkaxes([ax1,ax2],'x');
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
  exportFig('figs/change_capa_cedrat.pdf', 'width', 'full', 'height', 'full');
#+end_src

#+name: fig:change_capa_cedrat
#+caption: Effect of a change of the piezo capacitance on the Amplifier transfer function
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/change_capa_cedrat.png]]

** PI
#+begin_src matlab
  R = 10;    % Resistive Load used [Ohm]
  V = 1.059; % Output Voltage without any load [V]
  Vp = 0.828; % Output Voltage with resistice load [V]
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :results replace value
  R * (V - Vp)/Vp
#+end_src

#+RESULTS:
: 2.7899

#+begin_src matlab
  R = 10;    % Resistive Load used [Ohm]
  V = 2.092; % Output Voltage without any load [V]
  Vp = 1.637; % Output Voltage with resistice load [V]
#+end_src

#+begin_src matlab :results replace value
  R * (V - Vp)/Vp
#+end_src

#+RESULTS:
: 2.7795