#+TITLE: Simscape Model - Micro Station
:DRAWER:
#+LANGUAGE: en
#+EMAIL: dehaeze.thomas@gmail.com
#+AUTHOR: Dehaeze Thomas
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* Notes :noexport:
** Notes
Prefix is =ustation=
From modal analysis: validation of the multi-body model.
*Goals*:
- *Modeling of the micro-station*: Kinematics + Dynamics + Disturbances
- Kinematics of each stage
- Modeling: solid bodies + joints. Show what is used for each stage
- Correlation with the dynamical measurements
- Inclusion of disturbances (correlation with measurements)
*Notes*:
- Do not talk about Nano-Hexapod yet
- Do not talk about external metrology
- Therefore, do not talk about computation of the sample position / error
** DONE [#B] Put colors for each different stage
CLOSED: [2024-10-30 Wed 14:07]
** DONE [#B] Delete Gravity compensation Stage
CLOSED: [2024-10-30 Wed 13:51]
** DONE [#B] Maybe make a simpler Simscape model for this report
CLOSED: [2024-10-30 Wed 13:51]
** DONE [#A] Open the Simscape model and verify it all works
CLOSED: [2024-10-30 Wed 13:33] SCHEDULED: <2024-10-30 Wed>
#+begin_src matlab
initializeSimscapeConfiguration('gravity', false);
initializeLoggingConfiguration('log', 'none');
initializeGround( 'type', 'rigid');
initializeGranite( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeTy( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeRy( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeRz( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeMicroHexapod('type', 'flexible');
initializeReferences();
initializeDisturbances('enable', false);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
% initializeAxisc( 'type', 'flexible');
% initializeMirror( 'type', 'none');
% initializeNanoHexapod( 'type', 'none');
% initializeSample( 'type', 'none');
initializeController( 'type', 'open-loop');
#+end_src
** DONE [#B] Just keep smallest number of variants for each stage
CLOSED: [2024-10-30 Wed 16:15]
- [ ] none
- [ ] rigid
- [ ] flexible
- [X] Init => Removed
- [X] modal analysis => Removed
** DONE [#A] Verify that we get "correct" compliance
CLOSED: [2024-10-30 Wed 21:53] SCHEDULED: <2024-10-30 Wed>
- [ ] Find the compliance measurements
- The one from modal analysis
- [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/2018-01-12 - Marc]] : Compliance measurement in X,Y,Z with geophone, marble not glued
- [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/2018-10-12 - Marc]]: same but in the hutch with glued marble
- *08/2020*: [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/micro-station-compliance/index.org::+TITLE: Compliance Measurement of the Micro Station]]
- [ ] See if it matches somehow the current model
- [ ] If not, see if model parameters can be tuned to have better match
For instance from values here: file:/home/thomas/Cloud/meetings/esrf-meetings/2018-04-24-Simscape-Model/2018-04-24-Simscape-Model.pdf
** DONE [#B] Make sure to well model the micro-hexapod
CLOSED: [2024-10-31 Thu 10:36] SCHEDULED: <2024-10-31 Thu>
- [ ] Find total mass (should be 37 kg)
- [ ] Find mass of top platform, bottom platform, struts
- [ ] Estimation of the strut stiffness from the manufacturer stiffness?
X,Y: 5N/um
Z: 50N/um
From the geometry, compute the strut stiffness: should be 10N/um (currently configured at 20N/um)
** DONE [#A] Import all relevant report to this file
CLOSED: [2024-11-05 Tue 22:56]
Based on:
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-simscape/org/kinematics.org][kinematics]]: compute sample's motion from each stage motion
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-simscape/org/simscape_subsystems.org][simscape_subsystems]]: general presentation of the micro-station. Used model: solid body + joints. Presentation of each stage.
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/documents/work-package-1/work-package-1.org::*Specification of requirements][Specification of requirements]]
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-simscape/org/identification.org][identification]]: comparison of measurements and simscape model (not so good?)
- [X] file:/home/thomas/Cloud/meetings/esrf-meetings/2018-04-24-Simscape-Model/2018-04-24-Simscape-Model.pdf
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-simscape/org/experiments.org][experiments]]: simulation of experiments with the Simscape model
- [X] Disturbances: Similar to what was done for the uniaxial model (the same?): [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-simscape/org/disturbances.org::+TITLE: Identification of the disturbances]]
- [-] Measurement of disturbances / things that will have to be corrected using the NASS:
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/disturbance-control-system/index.org]]
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/disturbance-sr-rz/index.org]]
Already discussed in the uniaxial report
- [X] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/ground-motion/index.org]]
Already discussed in the uniaxial report
- [ ] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/static-spindle/index.org]]
Can be nice to have all errors of the Spindle (angular and linear)
- [ ] [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/static-to-dynamic/index.org]]
Similarly, errors of the translation stage are computed
- [X] Check [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/specifications/id-31-spindle-meas][this directory]]
Nice pictures if necessary
- [X] Check [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/specifications/stage-by-stage][this directory]]
** DONE [#B] Make good "init" for the Simscape model
CLOSED: [2024-11-05 Tue 22:57]
In model properties => Callbacks => Init Fct
There are some loading of .mat files.
Is it the best option?
** DONE [#C] Check the effect of each stage on the compliance
CLOSED: [2024-10-31 Thu 10:37]
- [X] Put =rigid= mode one by one to see the effect
- Mode at 20Hz is Rx,Ry mode of the granite
- Mode at 60Hz in vertical is granite + Ty
- Main modes are due to micro-hexapod
** DONE [#C] Add two perturbations: =Frz_x= and =Frz_y=
CLOSED: [2024-11-05 Tue 21:44]
Maybe I can estimate them from the measurements that was made on the spindle?
** DONE [#B] Verify Kinematics
CLOSED: [2024-11-05 Tue 08:55]
- [ ] Move all stages
- [ ] From kinematics, estimate pose of micro-hexapod top platform
- [ ] Compare with 6DoF metrology
** DONE [#C] Determine which Degree-Of-Freedom to keep and which to constrain
CLOSED: [2024-10-31 Thu 10:38]
For instance, for now the granite can not rotate, but in reality, the modes may be linked to the granite's rotation.
By constraining more DoF, the simulation will be faster and the obtain state space will have a lower order.
=> *All are 6dof*
** DONE [#B] Compute eigenvalues of the model to see if we have similar frequencies than the modal analysis?
CLOSED: [2024-10-31 Thu 10:38]
Yes, it is pretty good!
** DONE [#B] Describe sample's position from all stage 6DoF motion
CLOSED: [2024-11-05 Tue 13:30]
** CANC [#B] Maybe speak about Screw axis?
CLOSED: [2024-11-05 Tue 13:30]
- State "CANC" from "TODO" [2024-11-05 Tue 13:30]
Can be computed from rotation matrix.
It seems it is used for the computation of the errors
** DONE [#C] Rework disturbance measurements
CLOSED: [2024-11-05 Tue 21:44]
Model vibrations induced by the scanning of stages.
Therefore, we don't model vibrations of the Ry stage or Micro-Hexapod.
*The goal of this section is to make this =dist_psd.mat= file containing the description of all disturbances*
- *Ground motion* already measured (similar in 3 directions?)
- *Spindle*: already measured but only in vertical direction
- [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/static-spindle/index.org]]
Here it is in the *PEL* laboratory, without the micro-station.
This is not too problematic.
- [X] Picture of the measurement setup
- [X] Plot measurement errors (X/Y, Z, Rx/Ry)
- [X] Extract PSD of disturbance forces (Probably X, Y and Z)
- *Ty stage*: new measurement
- [[file:~/Cloud/work-projects/ID31-NASS/matlab/nass-measurements/static-to-dynamic/index.org]]
- [ ] Picture of the measurement setup
- [ ] Plot measurement
- [ ] Extract PSD of vertical disturbance force
Say which disturbances are considered:
- Ground motions: x, y and z
- Ty: x and z
- Rz: z, x and y ?
** DONE [#C] Make a comparison of the measured vibrations of the micro-station with the vibrations of the simscape model of the micro-station
CLOSED: [2024-11-06 Wed 12:28]
Do we have a correlation? At least in the frequency domain?
Procedure:
- [ ] Take the time domain measurement of the vibrations due to spindle or translation stage
- [ ] Take the estimated PSD of the estimated disturbance force
- [ ] Simulate the Simscape model without the nano-hexapod (same conditions as when measuring the disturbances) and add only the considered disturbance
- [ ] Save the position errors due to the disturbance
- [ ] Compare with the measured vibrations
** DONE [#A] Update the disturbances PSD signals
CLOSED: [2024-11-06 Wed 12:28]
[[*=initializeDisturbances=: Initialize Disturbances][=initializeDisturbances=: Initialize Disturbances]]
- [X] It is suppose in this script that all disturbances have the same frequency vectors, and therefore the same time vector...
It does not anymore
- [X] See how to deal with that
Be able to pass custom =.mat= files (one mat file per disturbance)?
- [ ] Ground motion, X, Y and Z
- [ ] Ty stage, X and Z
- [ ] Rz stage, X, Y and Z
- Maybe say that we remove the excentricity (by circle fit: show it in the figure)
- Then the rest is modeled by stochastic disturbance
** DONE [#C] Add picture of measured ground motion
CLOSED: [2024-11-06 Wed 16:29]
** DONE [#C] Add screenshot of Simscape model
CLOSED: [2024-11-06 Wed 16:29]
** DONE [#B] I have no measurement of horizontal ground motion :@marc:
CLOSED: [2024-11-06 Wed 16:29]
- State "DONE" from "WAIT" [2024-11-06 Wed 16:29]
- Wait for Marc reply
** TODO [#C] Add glossary
PoI | Point of interest
* Introduction :ignore:
From the start of this work, it became increasingly clear that an accurate micro-station model was necessary.
First, during the uniaxial study, it became clear that the micro-station dynamics affects the nano-hexapod dynamics.
Then, using the 3-DoF rotating model, it was discovered that the rotation of the nano-hexapod induces gyroscopic effects that affect the system dynamics and should therefore be modeled.
Finally, a modal analysis of the micro-station showed how complex the dynamics of the station is.
The modal analysis also confirm that each stage behaves as a rigid body in the frequency range of interest.
Therefore, a multi-body model is a good candidate to accurately represent the micro-station dynamics.
In this report, the development of such a multi-body model is presented.
First, each stage of the micro-station is described.
The kinematics of the micro-station (i.e. how the motion of the stages are combined) is presented in Section ref:sec:ustation_kinematics.
Then, the multi-body model is presented and tuned to match the measured dynamics of the micro-station (Section ref:sec:ustation_modeling).
Disturbances affecting the positioning accuracy also need to be modeled properly.
To do so, the effects of these disturbances were first measured experimental and then injected into the multi-body model (Section ref:sec:ustation_disturbances).
To validate the accuracy of the micro-station model, "real world" experiments are simulated and compared with measurements in Section ref:sec:ustation_experiments.
# #+name: tab:ustation_section_matlab_code
# #+caption: Report sections and corresponding Matlab files
# #+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width 0.6\linewidth :align lX
# #+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t
# | *Sections* | *Matlab File* |
# |---------------------------------------+-----------------------------|
# | Section ref:sec:ustation_kinematics | =ustation_1_kinematics.m= |
# | Section ref:sec:ustation_modeling | =ustation_2_modeling.m= |
# | Section ref:sec:ustation_disturbances | =ustation_3_disturbances.m= |
# | Section ref:sec:ustation_experiments | =ustation_4_experiments.m= |
* Micro-Station Kinematics
:PROPERTIES:
:HEADER-ARGS:matlab+: :tangle matlab/ustation_1_kinematics.m
:END:
<>
** Introduction :ignore:
The micro-station consists of 4 stacked positioning stages (Figure ref:fig:ustation_cad_view).
From bottom to top, the stacked stages are the translation stage $D_y$, the tilt stage $R_y$, the rotation stage (Spindle) $R_z$ and the positioning hexapod.
Such a stacked architecture allows high mobility, but the overall stiffness is reduced, and the dynamics is very complex. complex dynamics.
#+name: fig:ustation_cad_view
#+caption: CAD view of the micro-station with the translation stage (in blue), tilt stage (in red), rotation stage (in yellow) and positioning hexapod (in purple). On top of these four stages, a solid part (shown in green) will be replaced by the stabilization stage.
#+attr_latex: :width \linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_cad_view.png]]
There are different ways of modeling the stage dynamics in a multi-body model.
The one chosen in this work consists of modeling each stage by two solid bodies connected by one 6-DoF joint.
The stiffness and damping properties of the joint
s can be tuned separately for each DoF.
The "controlled" DoF of each stage (for instance the $D_y$ direction for the translation stage) is modeled as infinitely rigid (i.e. its motion is imposed by a "setpoint") while the other DoFs have limited stiffness to model the different micro-station modes.
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab
%% ustation_1_kinematics.m
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
<>
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#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
<>
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#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<>
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#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
** Motion Stages
<>
**** Translation Stage
The translation stage is used to position and scan the sample laterally with respect to the X-ray beam.
A linear motor was first used to enable fast and accurate scans.
It was later replaced with a stepper motor and lead-screw, as the feedback control used for the linear motor was unreliable[fn:12].
An optical linear encoder is used to measure the stage motion and for controlling the position.
Four cylindrical bearings[fn:4] are used to guide the motion (i.e. minimize the parasitic motions) and have high stiffness.
**** Tilt Stage
The tilt stage is guided by four linear motion guides[fn:1] which are placed such that the center of rotation coincide with the X-ray beam.
Each linear guide is very stiff in radial directions such that the only DoF with low stiffness is in $R_y$.
This stage is mainly used in /reflectivity/ experiments where the sample $R_y$ angle is scanned.
This stage can also be used to tilt the rotation axis of the Spindle.
To precisely control the $R_y$ angle, a stepper motor and two optical encoders are used in a PID feedback loop.
#+attr_latex: :options [b]{0.48\linewidth}
#+begin_minipage
#+name: fig:ustation_ty_stage
#+caption: Translation Stage
#+attr_latex: :scale 1 :float nil
[[file:figs/ustation_ty_stage.png]]
#+end_minipage
\hfill
#+attr_latex: :options [b]{0.48\linewidth}
#+begin_minipage
#+name: fig:ustation_ry_stage
#+caption: Tilt Stage
#+attr_latex: :scale 1 :float nil
[[file:figs/ustation_ry_stage.png]]
#+end_minipage
**** Spindle
Then, a rotation stage is used for tomography experiments.
It is composed of an air bearing spindle[fn:2], whose angular position is controlled with a 3 phase synchronous motor based on the reading of 4 optical encoders.
Additional rotary unions and slip-rings are used to be able to pass electrical signals, fluids and gazes through the rotation stage.
**** Micro-Hexapod
Finally, a Stewart platform[fn:3] is used to position the sample.
It includes a DC motor and an optical linear encoders in each of the six struts.
This stage is used to position the point of interest of the sample with respect to the spindle rotation axis.
It can also be used to precisely position the PoI vertically with respect to the x-ray.
#+attr_latex: :options [t]{0.49\linewidth}
#+begin_minipage
#+name: fig:ustation_rz_stage
#+caption: Rotation Stage (Spindle)
#+attr_latex: :scale 1 :float nil
[[file:figs/ustation_rz_stage.png]]
#+end_minipage
\hfill
#+attr_latex: :options [t]{0.49\linewidth}
#+begin_minipage
#+name: fig:ustation_hexapod_stage
#+caption: Micro Hexapod
#+attr_latex: :scale 1 :float nil
[[file:figs/ustation_hexapod_stage.png]]
#+end_minipage
** Mathematical description of a rigid body motion
<>
**** Introduction :ignore:
In this section, mathematical tools[fn:6] that are used to describe the motion of positioning stages are introduced.
First, the tools to describe the pose of a solid body (i.e. it's position and orientation) are introduced.
The motion induced by a positioning stage is described by transformation matrices.
Finally, the motions of all stacked stages are combined, and the sample's motion is computed from each stage motion.
**** Spatial motion representation
The /pose/ of a solid body relative to a specific frame can be described by six independent parameters.
Three parameters are typically used to describe its position, and three other parameters describe its orientation.
The /position/ of a point $P$ with respect to a frame $\{A\}$ can be described by a $3 \times 1$ position vector eqref:eq:ustation_position.
The name of the frame is usually added as a leading superscript: ${}^AP$ which reads as vector $P$ in frame $\{A\}$.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_position}
{}^AP = \begin{bmatrix} P_x\\ P_y\\ P_z \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
A pure translation of a solid body (i.e., of a frame $\{B\}$ attached to the solid body) can be described by the position ${}^AP_{O_B}$ as shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_translation.
#+name: fig:ustation_transformation_schematics
#+caption: Rigid body motion representation. (\subref{fig:ustation_translation}) pure translation. (\subref{fig:ustation_rotation}) pure rotation. (\subref{fig:ustation_transformation}) combined rotation and translation.
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_translation}Pure translation}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :scale 0.8
[[file:figs/ustation_translation.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_rotation}Pure rotation}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :scale 0.8
[[file:figs/ustation_rotation.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_transformation}General transformation}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :scale 0.8
[[file:figs/ustation_transformation.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The /orientation/ of a rigid body is the same at all its points (by definition).
Hence, the orientation of a rigid body can be viewed as that of a moving frame attached to the rigid body.
It can be represented in several different ways: the rotation matrix, the screw axis representation, and the Euler angles are common descriptions.
The rotation matrix ${}^A\mathbf{R}_B$ is a $3 \times 3$ matrix containing the Cartesian unit vectors of frame $\{\mathbf{B}\}$ represented in frame $\{\mathbf{A}\}$ eqref:eq:ustation_rotation_matrix.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_rotation_matrix}
{}^A\mathbf{R}_B = \left[ {}^A\hat{\mathbf{x}}_B | {}^A\hat{\mathbf{y}}_B | {}^A\hat{\mathbf{z}}_B \right] = \begin{bmatrix}
u_{x} & v_{x} & z_{x} \\
u_{y} & v_{y} & z_{y} \\
u_{z} & v_{z} & z_{z}
\end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
Consider a pure rotation of a rigid body ($\{\bm{A}\}$ and $\{\bm{B}\}$ are coincident at their origins, as shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_rotation).
The rotation matrix can be used to express the coordinates of a point $P$ in a fixed frame $\{A\}$ (i.e. ${}^AP$) from its coordinate in the moving frame $\{B\}$ using Equation eqref:eq:ustation_rotation.
\begin{equation} \label{eq:ustation_rotation}
{}^AP = {}^A\mathbf{R}_B {}^BP
\end{equation}
For rotations along $x$, $y$ or $z$ axis, the formulas of the corresponding rotation matrices are given in Equation eqref:eq:ustation_rotation_matrices_xyz.
\begin{subequations}\label{eq:ustation_rotation_matrices_xyz}
\begin{align}
\mathbf{R}_x(\theta_x) &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \cos(\theta_x) & -\sin(\theta_x) \\ 0 & \sin(\theta_x) & \cos(\theta_x) \end{bmatrix} \\
\mathbf{R}_y(\theta_y) &= \begin{bmatrix} \cos(\theta_y) & 0 & \sin(\theta_y) \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -\sin(\theta_y) & 0 & \cos(\theta_y) \end{bmatrix} \\
\mathbf{R}_z(\theta_z) &= \begin{bmatrix} \cos(\theta_z) & -\sin(\theta_z) & 0 \\ \sin(\theta_z) & \cos(\theta_x) & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
Sometimes, it is useful to express a rotation as a combination of three rotations described by $\mathbf{R}_x$, $\mathbf{R}_y$ and $\mathbf{R}_z$.
The order of rotation is very important[fn:5], therefore, in this study, rotations are expressed as three successive rotations about the coordinate axes of the moving frame eqref:eq:ustation_rotation_combination.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_rotation_combination}
{}^A\mathbf{R}_B(\alpha, \beta, \gamma) = \mathbf{R}_u(\alpha) \mathbf{R}_v(\beta) \mathbf{R}_c(\gamma)
\end{equation}
Such rotation can be parameterized by three Euler angles $(\alpha,\ \beta,\ \gamma)$, which can be computed from a given rotation matrix using equations eqref:eq:ustation_euler_angles.
\begin{subequations}\label{eq:ustation_euler_angles}
\begin{align}
\alpha &= \text{atan2}(-R_{23}/\cos(\beta),\ R_{33}/\cos(\beta)) \\
\beta &= \text{atan2}( R_{13},\ \sqrt{R_{11}^2 + R_{12}^2}) \\
\gamma &= \text{atan2}(-R_{12}/\cos(\beta),\ R_{11}/\cos(\beta))
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
**** Motion of a Rigid Body
Since the relative positions of a rigid body with respect to a moving frame $\{B\}$ attached to it are fixed for all time, it is sufficient to know the position of the origin of the frame $O_B$ and the orientation of the frame $\{B\}$ with respect to the fixed frame $\{A\}$, to represent the position of any point $P$ in the space.
Therefore, the pose of a rigid body can be fully determined by:
1. The position vector of point $O_B$ with respect to frame $\{A\}$ which is denoted ${}^AP_{O_B}$
2. The orientation of the rigid body, or the moving frame $\{B\}$ attached to it with respect to the fixed frame $\{A\}$, that is represented by ${}^A\mathbf{R}_B$.
The position of any point $P$ of the rigid body with respect to the fixed frame $\{\mathbf{A}\}$, which is denoted ${}^A\mathbf{P}$ may be determined thanks to the /Chasles' theorem/, which states that if the pose of a rigid body $\{{}^A\mathbf{R}_B, {}^AP_{O_B}\}$ is given, then the position of any point $P$ of this rigid body with respect to $\{\mathbf{A}\}$ is given by Equation eqref:eq:ustation_chasles_therorem.
\begin{equation} \label{eq:ustation_chasles_therorem}
{}^AP = {}^A\mathbf{R}_B {}^BP + {}^AP_{O_B}
\end{equation}
While equation eqref:eq:ustation_chasles_therorem can describe the motion of a rigid body, it can be written in a more convenient way using $4 \times 4$ homogeneous transformation matrices and $4 \times 1$ homogeneous coordinates.
The homogeneous transformation matrix is composed of the rotation matrix ${}^A\mathbf{R}_B$ representing the orientation and the position vector ${}^AP_{O_B}$ representing the translation.
It is partitioned as shown in Equation eqref:eq:ustation_homogeneous_transformation_parts.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_homogeneous_transformation_parts}
{}^A\mathbf{T}_B =
\left[ \begin{array}{ccc|c}
& & & \\
& {}^A\mathbf{R}_B & & {}^AP_{O_B} \\
& & & \cr
\hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right]
\end{equation}
Then, ${}^AP$ can be computed from ${}^BP$ and the homogeneous transformation matrix using eqref:eq:ustation_homogeneous_transformation.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_homogeneous_transformation}
\left[ \begin{array}{c} \\ {}^AP \\ \cr \hline 1 \end{array} \right]
=
\left[ \begin{array}{ccc|c}
& & & \\
& {}^A\mathbf{R}_B & & {}^AP_{O_B} \\
& & & \cr
\hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right]
\left[ \begin{array}{c} \\ {}^BP \\ \cr \hline 1 \end{array} \right] \quad \Rightarrow \quad {}^AP = {}^A\mathbf{R}_B {}^BP + {}^AP_{O_B}
\end{equation}
One key advantage of homogeneous transformation is that it can easily be generalized for consecutive transformations.
Let us consider the motion of a rigid body described at three locations (Figure ref:fig:ustation_combined_transformation).
Frame $\{A\}$ represents the initial location, frame $\{B\}$ is an intermediate location, and frame $\{C\}$ represents the rigid body at its final location.
#+name: fig:ustation_combined_transformation
#+caption: Motion of a rigid body represented at three locations by frame $\{A\}$, $\{B\}$ and $\{C\}$
[[file:figs/ustation_combined_transformation.png]]
Furthermore, suppose the position vector of a point $P$ of the rigid body is given in the final location, that is ${}^CP$ is given, and the position of this point is to be found in the fixed frame $\{A\}$, that is ${}^AP$.
Since the locations of the rigid body are known relative to each other, ${}^CP$ can be transformed to ${}^BP$ using ${}^B\mathbf{T}_C$ using ${}^BP = {}^B\mathbf{T}_C {}^CP$.
Similarly, ${}^BP$ can be transformed into ${}^AP$ using ${}^AP = {}^A\mathbf{T}_B {}^BP$.
Combining the two relations, Equation eqref:eq:ustation_consecutive_transformations is obtained.
This shows that combining multiple transformations is equivalent as to compute $4 \times 4$ matrix multiplications.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_consecutive_transformations}
{}^AP = \underbrace{{}^A\mathbf{T}_B {}^B\mathbf{T}_C}_{{}^A\mathbf{T}_C} {}^CP
\end{equation}
Another key advantage of homogeneous transformation is the easy inverse transformation, which can be computed using Equation eqref:eq:ustation_inverse_homogeneous_transformation.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_inverse_homogeneous_transformation}
{}^B\mathbf{T}_A = {}^A\mathbf{T}_B^{-1} =
\left[ \begin{array}{ccc|c}
& & & \\
& {}^A\mathbf{R}_B^T & & -{}^A \mathbf{R}_B^T {}^AP_{O_B} \\
& & & \cr
\hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{array} \right]
\end{equation}
** Micro-Station Kinematics
<>
Each stage is described by two frames; one is attached to the fixed platform $\{A\}$ while the other is fixed to the mobile platform $\{B\}$.
At "rest" position, the two have the same pose and coincide with the point of interest ($O_A = O_B$).
An example of the tilt stage is shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_stage_motion.
The mobile frame of the translation stage is equal to the fixed frame of the tilt stage: $\{B_{D_y}\} = \{A_{R_y}\}$.
Similarly, the mobile frame of the tilt stage is equal to the fixed frame of the spindle: $\{B_{R_y}\} = \{A_{R_z}\}$.
#+name: fig:ustation_stage_motion
#+caption: Example of the motion induced by the tilt-stage $R_y$. "Rest" position in shown in blue while a arbitrary position in shown in red. Parasitic motions are here magnified for clarity.
[[file:figs/ustation_stage_motion.png]]
The motion induced by a positioning stage can be described by a homogeneous transformation matrix from frame $\{A\}$ to frame $\{B\}$ as explain in Section ref:ssec:ustation_kinematics.
As any motion stage induces parasitic motion in all 6 DoF, the transformation matrix representing its induced motion can be written as in eqref:eq:ustation_translation_stage_errors.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_translation_stage_errors}
{}^A\mathbf{T}_B(D_x, D_y, D_z, \theta_x, \theta_y, \theta_z) =
\left[ \begin{array}{ccc|c}
& & & D_x \\
& \mathbf{R}_x(\theta_x) \mathbf{R}_y(\theta_y) \mathbf{R}_z(\theta_z) & & D_y \\
& & & D_z \cr
\hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right]
\end{equation}
The homogeneous transformation matrix corresponding to the micro-station $\mathbf{T}_{\mu\text{-station}}$ is simply equal to the matrix multiplication of the homogeneous transformation matrices of the individual stages as shown in Equation eqref:eq:ustation_transformation_station.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_transformation_station}
\mathbf{T}_{\mu\text{-station}} = \mathbf{T}_{D_y} \cdot \mathbf{T}_{R_y} \cdot \mathbf{T}_{R_z} \cdot \mathbf{T}_{\mu\text{-hexapod}}
\end{equation}
$\mathbf{T}_{\mu\text{-station}}$ represents the pose of the sample (supposed to be rigidly fixed on top of the positioning-hexapod) with respect to the granite.
If the transformation matrices of the individual stages are each representing a perfect motion (i.e. the stages are supposed to have no parasitic motion), $\mathbf{T}_{\mu\text{-station}}$ then represent the pose setpoint of the sample with respect to the granite.
The transformation matrices for the translation stage, tilt stage, spindle, and positioning hexapod can be written as shown in Equation eqref:eq:ustation_transformation_matrices_stages.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_transformation_matrices_stages}
\begin{align}
\mathbf{T}_{D_y} &= \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & D_y \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix} \quad
\mathbf{T}_{\mu\text{-hexapod}} =
\left[ \begin{array}{ccc|c}
& & & D_{\mu x} \\
& \mathbf{R}_x(\theta_{\mu x}) \mathbf{R}_y(\theta_{\mu y}) \mathbf{R}_{z}(\theta_{\mu z}) & & D_{\mu y} \\
& & & D_{\mu z} \cr
\hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right] \\
\mathbf{T}_{R_z} &= \begin{bmatrix}
\cos(\theta_z) & -\sin(\theta_z) & 0 & 0 \\
\sin(\theta_z) & \cos(\theta_z) & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix} \quad
\mathbf{T}_{R_y} = \begin{bmatrix}
\cos(\theta_y) & 0 & \sin(\theta_y) & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
-\sin(\theta_y) & 0 & \cos(\theta_y) & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
\end{align}
\end{equation}
#+begin_src matlab
%% Stage setpoints
Dy = 1e-3; % Translation Stage [m]
Ry = 3*pi/180; % Tilt Stage [rad]
Rz = 180*pi/180; % Spindle [rad]
%% Stage individual Homogeneous transformations
% Translation Stage
Rty = [1 0 0 0;
0 1 0 Dy;
0 0 1 0;
0 0 0 1];
% Tilt Stage - Pure rotating aligned with Ob
Rry = [ cos(Ry) 0 sin(Ry) 0;
0 1 0 0;
-sin(Ry) 0 cos(Ry) 0;
0 0 0 1];
% Spindle - Rotation along the Z axis
Rrz = [cos(Rz) -sin(Rz) 0 0 ;
sin(Rz) cos(Rz) 0 0 ;
0 0 1 0 ;
0 0 0 1 ];
% Micro-Station homogeneous transformation
Ttot = Rty*Rry*Rrz;
%% Compute translations and rotations (Euler angles) induced by the micro-station
ustation_dx = Ttot(1,4);
ustation_dy = Ttot(2,4);
ustation_dz = Ttot(3,4);
ustation_ry = atan2( Ttot(1, 3), sqrt(Ttot(1, 1)^2 + Ttot(1, 2)^2));
ustation_rx = atan2(-Ttot(2, 3)/cos(ustation_ry), Ttot(3, 3)/cos(ustation_ry));
ustation_rz = atan2(-Ttot(1, 2)/cos(ustation_ry), Ttot(1, 1)/cos(ustation_ry));
%% Verification using the Simscape model
% All stages are initialized as rigid bodies to avoid any guiding error
initializeGround( 'type', 'rigid');
initializeGranite( 'type', 'rigid');
initializeTy( 'type', 'rigid');
initializeRy( 'type', 'rigid');
initializeRz( 'type', 'rigid');
initializeMicroHexapod('type', 'rigid');
initializeLoggingConfiguration('log', 'all');
initializeReferences('Dy_amplitude', Dy, ...
'Ry_amplitude', Ry, ...
'Rz_amplitude', Rz);
initializeDisturbances('enable', false);
set_param(conf_simulink, 'StopTime', '0.5');
% Simulation is performed
sim(mdl);
% Sample's motion is computed from "external metrology"
T_sim = [simout.y.R.Data(:,:,end), [simout.y.x.Data(end); simout.y.y.Data(end); simout.y.z.Data(end)]; [0,0,0,1]];
sim_dx = T_sim(1,4);
sim_dy = T_sim(2,4);
sim_dz = T_sim(3,4);
sim_ry = atan2( T_sim(1, 3), sqrt(T_sim(1, 1)^2 + T_sim(1, 2)^2));
sim_rx = atan2(-T_sim(2, 3)/cos(sim_ry), T_sim(3, 3)/cos(sim_ry));
sim_rz = atan2(-T_sim(1, 2)/cos(sim_ry), T_sim(1, 1)/cos(sim_ry));
#+end_src
* Micro-Station Dynamics
:PROPERTIES:
:HEADER-ARGS:matlab+: :tangle matlab/ustation_2_modeling.m
:END:
<>
** Introduction :ignore:
In this section, the multi-body model of the micro-station is presented.
Such model consists of several rigid bodies connected by springs and dampers.
The inertia of the solid bodies and the stiffness properties of the guiding mechanisms were first estimated based on the CAD model and data-sheets (Section ref:ssec:ustation_model_simscape).
The obtained dynamics is then compared with the modal analysis performed on the micro-station (Section ref:ssec:ustation_model_comp_dynamics).
# TODO - Add reference to uniaxial model
As the dynamics of the nano-hexapod is impacted by the micro-station compliance, the most important dynamical characteristic that should be well modeled is the overall compliance of the micro-station.
To do so, the 6-DoF compliance of the micro-station is measured and then compared with the 6-DoF compliance extracted from the Simscape model (Section ref:ssec:ustation_model_compliance).
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab
%% ustation_2_modeling.m
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
** Multi-Body Model
<>
By performing a modal analysis of the micro-station, it was verified that in the frequency range of interest, each stage behaved as a rigid body.
This confirms that a multi-body model can be used to properly model the micro-station.
A multi-body model consists of several solid bodies connected by joints.
Each solid body can be represented by its inertia properties (most of the time computed automatically from the 3D model and material density).
Joints are used to impose kinematic constraints between solid bodies and to specify dynamical properties (i.e. spring stiffness and damping coefficient).
External forces can be used to model disturbances, and "sensors" can be used to measure the relative pose between two defined frames.
#+name: fig:ustation_simscape_stage_example
#+caption: Example of a stage (here the tilt-stage) represented in the multi-body model (Simscape). It is composed of two solid bodies connected by a 6-DoF joint. One joint DoF (here the tilt angle) can be imposed, the other DoFs are represented by springs and dampers. Additional disturbances forces for all DoF can be included
[[file:figs/ustation_simscape_stage_example.png]]
Therefore, the micro-station is modeled by several solid bodies connected by joints.
A typical stage (here the tilt-stage) is modeled as shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_simscape_stage_example where two solid bodies (the fixed part and the mobile part) are connected by a 6-DoF joint.
One DoF of the 6-DoF joint is "imposed" by a setpoint (i.e. modeled as infinitely stiff), while the other 5 are each modeled by a spring and damper.
Additional forces can be used to model disturbances induced by the stage motion.
The obtained 3D representation of the multi-body model is shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_simscape_model.
#+name: fig:ustation_simscape_model
#+caption: 3D view of the micro-station Simscape model
#+attr_latex: :width 0.8\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_simscape_model.jpg]]
The ground is modeled by a solid body connected to the "world frame" through a joint only allowing 3 translations.
The granite was then connected to the ground using a 6-DoF joint.
The translation stage is connected to the granite by a 6-DoF joint, but the $D_y$ motion is imposed.
Similarly, the tilt-stage and the spindle are connected to the stage below using a 6-DoF joint, with 1 imposed DoF each time.
Finally, the positioning hexapod has 6-DoF.
The total number of "free" degrees of freedom is 27, so the model has 54 states.
The springs and dampers values were first estimated from the joint/stage specifications and were later fined-tuned based on the measurements.
The spring values are summarized in Table ref:tab:ustation_6dof_stiffness_values.
#+name: tab:ustation_6dof_stiffness_values
#+caption: Summary of the stage stiffnesses. The contrained degrees-of-freedom are indicated by "-". The frames in which the 6-DoF joints are defined are indicated in figures found in Section ref:ssec:ustation_stages
#+attr_latex: :environment tabularx :width \linewidth :align Xcccccc
#+attr_latex: :center t :booktabs t
| *Stage* | $D_x$ | $D_y$ | $D_z$ | $R_x$ | $R_y$ | $R_z$ |
|-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------|
| Granite | $5\,kN/\mu m$ | $5\,kN/\mu m$ | $5\,kN/\mu m$ | $25\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ | $25\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ | $10\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ |
| Translation | $200\,N/\mu m$ | - | $200\,N/\mu m$ | $60\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ | $90\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ | $60\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ |
| Tilt | $380\,N/\mu m$ | $400\,N/\mu m$ | $380\,N/\mu m$ | $120\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ | - | $120\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ |
| Spindle | $700\,N/\mu m$ | $700\,N/\mu m$ | $2\,kN/\mu m$ | $10\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ | $10\,Nm/\mu\text{rad}$ | - |
| Hexapod | $10\,N/\mu m$ | $10\,N/\mu m$ | $100\,N/\mu m$ | $1.5\,Nm/rad$ | $1.5\,Nm/rad$ | $0.27\,Nm/rad$ |
** Comparison with the measured dynamics
<>
The dynamics of the micro-station was measured by placing accelerometers on each stage and by impacting the translation stage with an instrumented hammer in three directions.
The obtained FRFs were then projected at the CoM of each stage.
To gain a first insight into the accuracy of the obtained model, the FRFs from the hammer impacts to the acceleration of each stage were extracted from the Simscape model and compared with the measurements in Figure ref:fig:ustation_comp_com_response.
Even though there is some similarity between the model and the measurements (similar overall shapes and amplitudes), it is clear that the Simscape model does not accurately represent the complex micro-station dynamics.
Tuning the numerous model parameters to better match the measurements is a highly non-linear optimization problem that is difficult to solve in practice.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Indentify the model dynamics from the 3 hammer imapcts
% To the motion of each solid body at their CoM
% All stages are initialized
initializeGround( 'type', 'rigid');
initializeGranite( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeTy( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeRy( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeRz( 'type', 'flexible');
initializeMicroHexapod('type', 'flexible');
initializeLoggingConfiguration('log', 'none');
initializeReferences();
initializeDisturbances('enable', false);
% Input/Output definition
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Translation Stage/Flexible/F_hammer'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Granite/Flexible/accelerometer'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Translation Stage/Flexible/accelerometer'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Tilt Stage/Flexible/accelerometer'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Spindle/Flexible/accelerometer'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Micro Hexapod/Flexible/accelerometer'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1;
% Run the linearization
G_ms = linearize(mdl, io, 0);
G_ms.InputName = {'Fx', 'Fy', 'Fz'};
G_ms.OutputName = {'gtop_x', 'gtop_y', 'gtop_z', 'gtop_rx', 'gtop_ry', 'gtop_rz', ...
'ty_x', 'ty_y', 'ty_z', 'ty_rx', 'ty_ry', 'ty_rz', ...
'ry_x', 'ry_y', 'ry_z', 'ry_rx', 'ry_ry', 'ry_rz', ...
'rz_x', 'rz_y', 'rz_z', 'rz_rx', 'rz_ry', 'rz_rz', ...
'hexa_x', 'hexa_y', 'hexa_z', 'hexa_rx', 'hexa_ry', 'hexa_rz'};
% Load estimated FRF at CoM
load('ustation_frf_matrix.mat', 'freqs');
load('ustation_frf_com.mat', 'frfs_CoM');
% Initialization of some variables to the figures
dirs = {'x', 'y', 'z', 'rx', 'ry', 'rz'};
stages = {'gbot', 'gtop', 'ty', 'ry', 'rz', 'hexa'};
f = logspace(log10(10), log10(500), 1000);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Spindle - X response
n_stg = 5; % Measured Stage
n_dir = 1; % Measured DoF: x, y, z, Rx, Ry, Rz
n_exc = 1; % Hammer impact: x, y, z
figure;
hold on;
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(frfs_CoM(6*(n_stg-1) + n_dir, n_exc, :))), 'DisplayName', 'Measurement');
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(G_ms([stages{n_stg}, '_', dirs{n_dir}], ['F', dirs{n_exc}]), f, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', 'Model');
text(50, 2e-2,{'$D_x/F_x$ - Spindle'},'VerticalAlignment','bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Magnitude [$m/s^2/N$]');
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
xlim([10, 200]);
ylim([1e-6, 1e-1])
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_comp_com_response_rz_x.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Hexapod - Y response
n_stg = 6; % Measured Stage
n_dir = 2; % Measured DoF: x, y, z, Rx, Ry, Rz
n_exc = 2; % Hammer impact: x, y, z
figure;
hold on;
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(frfs_CoM(6*(n_stg-1) + n_dir, n_exc, :))), 'DisplayName', 'Measurement');
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(G_ms([stages{n_stg}, '_', dirs{n_dir}], ['F', dirs{n_exc}]), f, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', 'Model');
text(50, 2e-2,{'$D_y/F_y$ - Hexapod'},'VerticalAlignment','bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Magnitude [$m/s^2/N$]');
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
xlim([10, 200]);
ylim([1e-6, 1e-1])
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_comp_com_response_hexa_y.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Tilt stage - Z response
n_stg = 4; % Measured Stage
n_dir = 3; % Measured DoF: x, y, z, Rx, Ry, Rz
n_exc = 3; % Hammer impact: x, y, z
figure;
hold on;
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(frfs_CoM(6*(n_stg-1) + n_dir, n_exc, :))), 'DisplayName', 'Measurement');
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(G_ms([stages{n_stg}, '_', dirs{n_dir}], ['F', dirs{n_exc}]), f, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', 'Model');
text(50, 2e-2,{'$D_z/F_z$ - Tilt'},'VerticalAlignment','bottom','HorizontalAlignment','center')
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Magnitude [$m/s^2/N$]');
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
xlim([10, 200]);
ylim([1e-6, 1e-1])
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_comp_com_response_ry_z.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_comp_com_response
#+caption: FRFs between the hammer impacts on the translation stage and the measured stage acceleration expressed at its CoM. Comparison of the measured and extracted FRFs from the Simscape model. Different directions are computed for different stages.
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_comp_com_response_rz_x}Spindle, $x$ response}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_comp_com_response_rz_x.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_comp_com_response_hexa_y}Hexapod, $y$ response}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_comp_com_response_hexa_y.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_comp_com_response_ry_z}Tilt, $z$ response}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_comp_com_response_ry_z.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
** Micro-station compliance
<>
As discussed in the previous section, the dynamics of the micro-station is complex, and tuning the multi-body model parameters to obtain a perfect match is difficult.
When considering the NASS, the most important dynamical characteristics of the micro-station is its compliance, as it can affect the plant dynamics.
Therefore, the adopted strategy is to accurately model the micro-station compliance.
The micro-station compliance was experimentally measured using the setup illustrated in Figure ref:fig:ustation_compliance_meas.
Four 3-axis accelerometers were fixed to the micro-hexapod top platform.
The micro-hexapod top platform was impacted at 10 different points.
For each impact position, 10 impacts were performed to average and improve the data quality.
#+name: fig:ustation_compliance_meas
#+caption: Schematic of the measurement setup used to estimate the compliance of the micro-station. The top platform of the positioning hexapod is shown with four 3-axis accelerometers (shown in red) are on top. 10 hammer impacts are performed at different locations (shown in blue).
[[file:figs/ustation_compliance_meas.png]]
To convert the 12 acceleration signals $a_{\mathcal{L}} = [a_{1x}\ a_{1y}\ a_{1z}\ a_{2x}\ \dots\ a_{4z}]$ to the acceleration expressed in the frame $\{\mathcal{X}\}$ $a_{\mathcal{X}} = [a_{dx}\ a_{dy}\ a_{dz}\ a_{rx}\ a_{ry}\ a_{rz}]$, a Jacobian matrix $\mathbf{J}_a$ is written based on the positions and orientations of the accelerometers eqref:eq:ustation_compliance_acc_jacobian.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_compliance_acc_jacobian}
\mathbf{J}_a = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-d \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & d & 0 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-d \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & d & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & d \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 &-d & 0 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & d \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 &-d & 0
\end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
Then, the acceleration in the cartesian frame can be computed using eqref:eq:ustation_compute_cart_acc.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_compute_cart_acc}
a_{\mathcal{X}} = \mathbf{J}_a^\dagger \cdot a_{\mathcal{L}}
\end{equation}
Similar to what is done for the accelerometers, a Jacobian matrix $\mathbf{J}_F$ is computed eqref:eq:ustation_compliance_force_jacobian and used to convert the individual hammer forces $F_{\mathcal{L}}$ to force and torques $F_{\mathcal{X}}$ applied at the center of the micro-hexapod top plate (defined by frame $\{\mathcal{X}\}$ in Figure ref:fig:ustation_compliance_meas).
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_compliance_force_jacobian}
\mathbf{J}_F = \begin{bmatrix}
0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 0 & -1 & -d & 0 & 0\\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & -d & 0\\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 0 & -1 & d & 0 & 0\\
-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & d & 0\\
-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -d\\
-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & d
\end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
The equivalent forces and torques applied at center of $\{\mathcal{X}\}$ are then computed using eqref:eq:ustation_compute_cart_force.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ustation_compute_cart_force}
F_{\mathcal{X}} = \mathbf{J}_F^t \cdot F_{\mathcal{L}}
\end{equation}
Using the two Jacobian matrices, the FRF from the 10 hammer impacts to the 12 accelerometer outputs can be converted to the FRF from 6 forces/torques applied at the origin of frame $\{\mathcal{X}\}$ to the 6 linear/angular accelerations of the top platform expressed with respect to $\{\mathcal{X}\}$.
These FRFs were then used for comparison with the Simscape model.
#+begin_src matlab
% Positions and orientation of accelerometers
% | *Num* | *Position* | *Orientation* | *Sensibility* | *Channels* |
% |-------+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
% | 1 | [0, +A, 0] | [x, y, z] | 1V/g | 1-3 |
% | 2 | [-B, 0, 0] | [x, y, z] | 1V/g | 4-6 |
% | 3 | [0, -A, 0] | [x, y, z] | 0.1V/g | 7-9 |
% | 4 | [+B, 0, 0] | [x, y, z] | 1V/g | 10-12 |
%
% Measuerment channels
%
% | Acc Number | Dir | Channel Number |
% |------------+-----+----------------|
% | 1 | x | 1 |
% | 1 | y | 2 |
% | 1 | z | 3 |
% | 2 | x | 4 |
% | 2 | y | 5 |
% | 2 | z | 6 |
% | 3 | x | 7 |
% | 3 | y | 8 |
% | 3 | z | 9 |
% | 4 | x | 10 |
% | 4 | y | 11 |
% | 4 | z | 12 |
% | Hammer | | 13 |
% 10 measurements corresponding to 10 different Hammer impact locations
% | *Num* | *Direction* | *Position* | Accelerometer position | Jacobian number |
% |-------+-------------+------------+------------------------+-----------------|
% | 1 | -Y | [0, +A, 0] | 1 | -2 |
% | 2 | -Z | [0, +A, 0] | 1 | -3 |
% | 3 | X | [-B, 0, 0] | 2 | 4 |
% | 4 | -Z | [-B, 0, 0] | 2 | -6 |
% | 5 | Y | [0, -A, 0] | 3 | 8 |
% | 6 | -Z | [0, -A, 0] | 3 | -9 |
% | 7 | -X | [+B, 0, 0] | 4 | -10 |
% | 8 | -Z | [+B, 0, 0] | 4 | -12 |
% | 9 | -X | [0, -A, 0] | 3 | -7 |
% | 10 | -X | [0, +A, 0] | 1 | -1 |
%% Jacobian for accelerometers
% aX = Ja . aL
d = 0.14; % [m]
Ja = [1 0 0 0 0 -d;
0 1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 d 0 0;
1 0 0 0 0 0;
0 1 0 0 0 -d;
0 0 1 0 d 0;
1 0 0 0 0 d;
0 1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 -d 0 0;
1 0 0 0 0 0;
0 1 0 0 0 d;
0 0 1 0 -d 0];
Ja_inv = pinv(Ja);
%% Jacobian for hammer impacts
% F = Jf' tau
Jf = [0 -1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 -1 -d 0 0;
1 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 -1 0 -d 0;
0 1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 -1 d 0 0;
-1 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 -1 0 d 0;
-1 0 0 0 0 -d;
-1 0 0 0 0 d]';
Jf_inv = pinv(Jf);
%% Load raw measurement data
% "Track1" to "Track12" are the 12 accelerometers
% "Track13" is the instrumented hammer force sensor
data = [
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_1.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_2.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_3.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_4.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_5.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_6.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_7.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_8.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_9.mat'), ...
load('ustation_compliance_hammer_10.mat')];
%% Prepare the FRF computation
Ts = 1e-3; % Sampling Time [s]
Nfft = floor(1/Ts); % Number of points for the FFT computation
win = ones(Nfft, 1); % Rectangular window
[~, f] = tfestimate(data(1).Track13, data(1).Track1, win, [], Nfft, 1/Ts);
% Samples taken before and after the hammer "impact"
pre_n = floor(0.1/Ts);
post_n = Nfft - pre_n - 1;
%% Compute the FRFs for the 10 hammer impact locations.
% The FRF from hammer force the 12 accelerometers are computed
% for each of the 10 hammer impacts and averaged
G_raw = zeros(12,10,length(f));
for i = 1:10 % For each impact location
% Find the 10 impacts
[~, impacts_i] = find(diff(data(i).Track13 > 50)==1);
% Only keep the first 10 impacts if there are more than 10 impacts
if length(impacts_i)>10
impacts_i(11:end) = [];
end
% Average the FRF for the 10 impacts
for impact_i = impacts_i
i_start = impact_i - pre_n;
i_end = impact_i + post_n;
data_in = data(i).Track13(i_start:i_end); % [N]
% Remove hammer DC offset
data_in = data_in - mean(data_in(end-pre_n:end));
% Combine all outputs [m/s^2]
data_out = [data(i).Track1( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track2( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track3( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track4( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track5( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track6( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track7( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track8( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track9( i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track10(i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track11(i_start:i_end); ...
data(i).Track12(i_start:i_end)];
[frf, ~] = tfestimate(data_in, data_out', win, [], Nfft, 1/Ts);
G_raw(:,i,:) = squeeze(G_raw(:,i,:)) + 0.1*frf'./(-(2*pi*f').^2);
end
end
%% Compute transfer function in cartesian frame using Jacobian matrices
% FRF_cartesian = inv(Ja) * FRF * inv(Jf)
FRF_cartesian = pagemtimes(Ja_inv, pagemtimes(G_raw, Jf_inv));
#+end_src
The compliance of the micro-station multi-body model was extracted by computing the transfer function from forces/torques applied on the hexapod's top platform to the "absolute" motion of the top platform.
These results are compared with the measurements in Figure ref:fig:ustation_frf_compliance_model.
Considering the complexity of the micro-station compliance dynamics, the model compliance matches sufficiently well for the current application.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Identification of the compliance of the micro-station
% Initialize simulation with default parameters (flexible elements)
initializeGround();
initializeGranite();
initializeTy();
initializeRy();
initializeRz();
initializeMicroHexapod();
initializeReferences();
initializeSimscapeConfiguration();
initializeLoggingConfiguration();
% Input/Output definition
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Micro Hexapod/Flexible/Fm'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Direct Forces/Torques applied on the micro-hexapod top platform
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/Micro Hexapod/Flexible/Dm'], 1, 'output'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Absolute displacement of the top platform
% Run the linearization
Gm = linearize(mdl, io, 0);
Gm.InputName = {'Fmx', 'Fmy', 'Fmz', 'Mmx', 'Mmy', 'Mmz'};
Gm.OutputName = {'Dx', 'Dy', 'Dz', 'Drx', 'Dry', 'Drz'};
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Extracted FRF of the compliance of the micro-station in the Cartesian frame from the Simscape model
figure;
hold on;
plot(f, abs(squeeze(FRF_cartesian(1,1,:))), '-', 'color', [colors(1,:), 0.5], 'DisplayName', '$D_x/F_x$ - Measured')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(FRF_cartesian(2,2,:))), '-', 'color', [colors(2,:), 0.5], 'DisplayName', '$D_y/F_y$ - Measured')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(FRF_cartesian(3,3,:))), '-', 'color', [colors(3,:), 0.5], 'DisplayName', '$D_z/F_z$ - Measured')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gm(1,1), f, 'Hz'))), '--', 'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', '$D_x/F_x$ - Model')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gm(2,2), f, 'Hz'))), '--', 'color', colors(2,:), 'DisplayName', '$D_y/F_y$ - Model')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gm(3,3), f, 'Hz'))), '--', 'color', colors(3,:), 'DisplayName', '$D_z/F_z$ - Model')
hold off;
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 2);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Magnitude [m/N]');
xlim([20, 500]); ylim([2e-10, 1e-6]);
xticks([20, 50, 100, 200, 500])
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_frf_compliance_xyz_model.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Extracted FRF of the compliance of the micro-station in the Cartesian frame from the Simscape model
figure;
hold on;
plot(f, abs(squeeze(FRF_cartesian(4,4,:))), '-', 'color', [colors(1,:), 0.5], 'DisplayName', '$R_x/M_x$ - Measured')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(FRF_cartesian(5,5,:))), '-', 'color', [colors(2,:), 0.5], 'DisplayName', '$R_y/M_y$ - Measured')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(FRF_cartesian(6,6,:))), '-', 'color', [colors(3,:), 0.5], 'DisplayName', '$R_z/M_z$ - Measured')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gm(4,4), f, 'Hz'))), '--', 'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', '$R_x/M_x$ - Model')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gm(5,5), f, 'Hz'))), '--', 'color', colors(2,:), 'DisplayName', '$R_y/M_y$ - Model')
plot(f, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gm(6,6), f, 'Hz'))), '--', 'color', colors(3,:), 'DisplayName', '$R_z/M_z$ - Model')
hold off;
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 2);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Magnitude [rad/Nm]');
xlim([20, 500]); ylim([2e-7, 1e-4]);
xticks([20, 50, 100, 200, 500])
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_frf_compliance_Rxyz_model.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_frf_compliance_model
#+caption: Compliance of the micro-station expressed in frame $\{\mathcal{X}\}$. The measured FRFs are display by solid lines, while the FRFs extracted from the multi-body models are shown by dashed lines. Both translation terms (\subref{fig:ustation_frf_compliance_xyz_model}) and rotational terms (\subref{fig:ustation_frf_compliance_Rxyz_model}) are displayed.
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_frf_compliance_xyz_model}Compliance in translation}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_frf_compliance_xyz_model.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_frf_compliance_Rxyz_model}Compliance in rotation}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_frf_compliance_Rxyz_model.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
* Estimation of Disturbances
:PROPERTIES:
:HEADER-ARGS:matlab+: :tangle matlab/ustation_3_disturbances.m
:END:
<>
** Introduction :ignore:
The goal of this section is to obtain a realistic representation of disturbances affecting the micro-station.
These disturbance sources are then used during time domain simulations to accurately model the micro-station behavior.
The focus on stochastic disturbances because, in principle, it is possible to calibrate the repeatable part of disturbances.
Such disturbances include ground motions and vibrations induces by scanning the translation stage and the spindle.
In the multi-body model, stage vibrations are modeled as internal forces applied in the stage joint.
In practice, disturbance forces cannot be directly measured.
Instead, the vibrations of the micro-station's top platform induced by the disturbances were measured (Section ref:ssec:ustation_disturbances_meas).
To estimate the equivalent disturbance force that induces such vibration, the transfer functions from disturbance sources (i.e. forces applied in the stages' joint) to the displacements of the micro-station's top platform with respect to the granite are extracted from the Simscape model (Section ref:ssec:ustation_disturbances_sensitivity).
Finally, the obtained disturbance sources are compared in Section ref:ssec:ustation_disturbances_results.
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab
%% ustation_3_disturbances.m
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
** Disturbance measurements
<>
**** Introduction :ignore:
In this section, ground motion is directly measured using geophones.
Vibrations induced by scanning the translation stage and the spindle are also measured using dedicated setups.
The tilt stage and the micro-hexapod also have positioning errors; however, they are not modeled here because these two stages are only used for pre-positioning and not for scanning.
Therefore, from a control perspective, they are not important.
**** Ground Motion
The ground motion was measured by using a sensitive 3-axis geophone[fn:11] placed on the ground.
The generated voltages were recorded with a high resolution DAC, and converted to displacement using the Geophone sensitivity transfer function.
The obtained ground motion displacement is shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_ground_disturbance.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Compute Floor Motion Spectral Density
% Load floor motion data
% velocity in [m/s] is measured in X, Y and Z directions
load('ustation_ground_motion.mat', 'Ts', 'Fs', 'vel_x', 'vel_y', 'vel_z', 't');
% Estimate ground displacement from measured velocity
% This is done by integrating the motion
gm_x = lsim(1/(s+0.1*2*pi), vel_x, t);
gm_y = lsim(1/(s+0.1*2*pi), vel_y, t);
gm_z = lsim(1/(s+0.1*2*pi), vel_z, t);
Nfft = floor(2/Ts);
win = hanning(Nfft);
Noverlap = floor(Nfft/2);
[pxx_gm_vx, f_gm] = pwelch(vel_x, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[pxx_gm_vy, ~] = pwelch(vel_y, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
[pxx_gm_vz, ~] = pwelch(vel_z, win, Noverlap, Nfft, 1/Ts);
% Convert PSD in velocity to PSD in displacement
pxx_gm_x = pxx_gm_vx./((2*pi*f_gm).^2);
pxx_gm_y = pxx_gm_vy./((2*pi*f_gm).^2);
pxx_gm_z = pxx_gm_vz./((2*pi*f_gm).^2);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measured ground motion
figure;
hold on;
plot(t, 1e6*gm_x, 'DisplayName', '$D_{xf}$')
plot(t, 1e6*gm_y, 'DisplayName', '$D_{yf}$')
plot(t, 1e6*gm_z, 'DisplayName', '$D_{zf}$')
hold off;
xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('Ground motion [$\mu$m]')
xlim([0, 5]); ylim([-2, 2])
leg = legend('location', 'northeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_ground_disturbance.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 450);
#+end_src
#+attr_latex: :options [b]{0.54\linewidth}
#+begin_minipage
#+name: fig:ustation_ground_disturbance
#+caption: Measured ground motion
#+attr_latex: :scale 1 :float nil
[[file:figs/ustation_ground_disturbance.png]]
#+end_minipage
\hfill
#+attr_latex: :options [b]{0.44\linewidth}
#+begin_minipage
#+name: fig:ustation_geophone_picture
#+caption: (3D) L-4C geophone
#+attr_latex: :width 0.92\linewidth :float nil
[[file:figs/ustation_geophone_picture.jpg]]
#+end_minipage
**** Ty Stage
To measure the positioning errors of the translation stage, the setup shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_ty_setup is used.
A special optical element (called a "straightness interferometer"[fn:9]) is fixed on top of the micro-station, while a laser source[fn:10] and a straightness reflector are fixed on the ground.
A similar setup was used to measure the horizontal deviation (i.e. in the $x$ direction), as well as the pitch and yaw errors of the translation stage.
#+name: fig:ustation_errors_ty_setup
#+caption: Experimental setup to measure the flatness (vertical deviation) of the translation stage
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_ty_setup.png]]
Six scans were performed between $-4.5\,mm$ and $4.5\,mm$.
The results for each individual scan are shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_dy_vertical.
The measurement axis may not be perfectly aligned with the translation stage axis; this, a linear fit is removed from the measurement.
The remaining vertical displacement is shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_dy_vertical_remove_mean.
A vertical error of $\pm300\,nm$ induced by the translation stage is expected.
Similar result is obtained for the $x$ lateral direction.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Ty errors
% Setpoint is in [mm]
% Vertical error is in [um]
ty_errors = load('ustation_errors_ty.mat');
% Compute best straight line to remove it from data
average_error = mean(ty_errors.ty_z')';
straight_line = average_error - detrend(average_error, 1);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measurement of the linear (vertical) deviation of the Translation stage
figure;
hold on;
plot(ty_errors.setpoint, ty_errors.ty_z(:,1), '-', 'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', 'Raw data')
plot(ty_errors.setpoint, ty_errors.ty_z(:,2:end), '-', 'color', colors(1,:), 'HandleVisibility', 'off')
plot(ty_errors.setpoint, straight_line, '--', 'color', colors(2,:), 'DisplayName', 'Linear fit')
hold off;
xlabel('$D_y$ position [mm]'); ylabel('Vertical error [$\mu$m]');
xlim([-5, 5]); ylim([-8, 8]);
legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
xticks([-5:1:5]); yticks([-8:2:8]);
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_dy_vertical.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measurement of the linear (vertical) deviation of the Translation stage - Remove best linear fit
figure;
plot(ty_errors.setpoint, ty_errors.ty_z - straight_line, 'k-')
xlabel('$D_y$ position [mm]'); ylabel('Vertical error [$\mu$m]');
xlim([-5, 5]); ylim([-0.4, 0.4]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
xticks([-5:1:5]); yticks([-0.4:0.1:0.4]);
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_dy_vertical_remove_mean.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_errors_dy
#+caption: Measurement of the linear (vertical) deviation of the Translation stage (\subref{fig:ustation_errors_dy_vertical}). A linear fit is then removed from the data (\subref{fig:ustation_errors_dy_vertical_remove_mean}).
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_errors_dy_vertical}Measured vertical error}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_dy_vertical.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_errors_dy_vertical_remove_mean}Error after removing linear fit}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.95\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_dy_vertical_remove_mean.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
#+begin_src matlab
%% Convert the data to frequency domain
% Suppose a certain constant velocity scan
delta_ty = (ty_errors.setpoint(end) - ty_errors.setpoint(1))/(length(ty_errors.setpoint) - 1); % [mm]
ty_vel = 8*1.125; % [mm/s]
Ts = delta_ty/ty_vel;
Fs = 1/Ts;
% Frequency Analysis
Nfft = floor(length(ty_errors.setpoint)); % Number of frequency points
win = hanning(Nfft); % Windowing
Noverlap = floor(Nfft/2); % Overlap for frequency analysis
% Comnpute the power spectral density
[pxx_dy_dz, f_dy] = pwelch(1e-6*detrend(ty_errors.ty_z, 1), win, Noverlap, Nfft, Fs);
pxx_dy_dz = mean(pxx_dy_dz')';
% Having the PSD of the lateral error equal to the PSD of the vertical error
% is a reasonable assumption (and verified in practice)
pxx_dy_dx = pxx_dy_dz;
#+end_src
**** Spindle
To measure the positioning errors induced by the Spindle, a "Spindle error analyzer"[fn:7] is used as shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_rz_meas_lion_setup.
A specific target is fixed on top of the micro-station, which consists of two sphere with 1 inch diameter precisely aligned with the spindle rotation axis.
Five capacitive sensors[fn:8] are pointing at the two spheres, as shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_rz_meas_lion_zoom.
From the 5 measured displacements $[d_1,\,d_2,\,d_3,\,d_4,\,d_5]$, the translations and rotations $[D_x,\,D_y,\,D_z,\,R_x,\,R_y]$ of the target can be estimated.
#+name: fig:ustation_rz_meas_lion_setup
#+caption: Experimental setup used to estimate the errors induced by the Spindle rotation (\subref{fig:ustation_rz_meas_lion}). The motion of the two reference spheres is measured using 5 capacitive sensors (\subref{fig:ustation_rz_meas_lion_zoom})
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_rz_meas_lion}Micro-station and 5-DoF metrology}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_rz_meas_lion.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_rz_meas_lion_zoom}Zoom on the metrology system}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_rz_meas_lion_zoom.jpg]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
A measurement was performed during a constant rotational velocity of the spindle of 60rpm and during 10 turns.
The obtained results are shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_spindle.
A large fraction of the radial (Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_spindle_radial) and tilt (Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_spindle_tilt) errors is linked to the fact that the two spheres are not perfectly aligned with the rotation axis of the Spindle.
This is displayed by the dashed circle.
After removing the best circular fit from the data, the vibrations induced by the Spindle may be viewed as stochastic disturbances.
However, some misalignment between the "point-of-interest" of the sample and the rotation axis will be considered because the alignment is not perfect in practice.
The vertical motion induced by scanning the spindle is in the order of $\pm 30\,nm$ (Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_spindle_axial).
#+begin_src matlab
%% Spindle Errors
% Errors are already converted to x,y,z,Rx,Ry
% Units are in [m] and [rad]
spindle_errors = load('ustation_errors_spindle.mat');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measured radial errors of the Spindle
figure;
hold on;
plot(1e6*spindle_errors.Dx(1:100:end), 1e6*spindle_errors.Dy(1:100:end), 'DisplayName', 'Raw data')
% Compute best fitting circle
[x0, y0, R] = circlefit(spindle_errors.Dx, spindle_errors.Dy);
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 500); % Angle to plot the circle [rad]
plot(1e6*(x0 + R*cos(theta)), 1e6*(y0 + R*sin(theta)), '--', 'DisplayName', 'Best Fit')
hold off;
xlabel('X displacement [$\mu$m]'); ylabel('Y displacement [$\mu$m]');
axis equal
xlim([-1, 1]); ylim([-1, 1]);
xticks([-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1]);
yticks([-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1]);
leg = legend('location', 'none', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_spindle_radial.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measured axial errors of the Spindle
figure;
plot(spindle_errors.deg(1:100:end)/360, 1e9*spindle_errors.Dz(1:100:end))
xlabel('Rotation [turn]'); ylabel('Z displacement [nm]');
axis square
xlim([0,2]); ylim([-40, 40]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_spindle_axial.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measured tilt errors of the Spindle
figure;
plot(1e6*spindle_errors.Rx(1:100:end), 1e6*spindle_errors.Ry(1:100:end))
xlabel('X angle [$\mu$rad]'); ylabel('Y angle [$\mu$rad]');
axis equal
xlim([-35, 35]); ylim([-35, 35]);
xticks([-30, -15, 0, 15, 30]);
yticks([-30, -15, 0, 15, 30]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_spindle_tilt.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_errors_spindle
#+caption: Measurement of the radial (\subref{fig:ustation_errors_spindle_radial}), axial (\subref{fig:ustation_errors_spindle_axial}) and tilt (\subref{fig:ustation_errors_spindle_tilt}) Spindle errors during a 60rpm spindle rotation. The circular best fit is shown by the dashed circle. It represents the misalignment of the spheres with the rotation axis.
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_errors_spindle_radial}Radial errors}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_spindle_radial.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_errors_spindle_axial}Axial error}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_spindle_axial.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_errors_spindle_tilt}Tilt errors}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_spindle_tilt.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
#+begin_src matlab
%% Remove the circular fit from the data
[x0, y0, R] = circlefit(spindle_errors.Dx, spindle_errors.Dy);
% Search the best angular match
fun = @(theta)rms((spindle_errors.Dx - (x0 + R*cos(pi/180*spindle_errors.deg+theta(1)))).^2 + (spindle_errors.Dy - (y0 - R*sin(pi/180*spindle_errors.deg+theta(1)))).^2);
x0 = [0];
delta_theta = fminsearch(fun, 0);
% Compute the remaining error after removing the best circular fit
spindle_errors.Dx_err = spindle_errors.Dx - (x0 + R*cos(pi/180*spindle_errors.deg+delta_theta));
spindle_errors.Dy_err = spindle_errors.Dy - (y0 - R*sin(pi/180*spindle_errors.deg+delta_theta));
%% Convert the data to frequency domain
Ts = (spindle_errors.t(end) - spindle_errors.t(1))/(length(spindle_errors.t)-1); % [s]
Fs = 1/Ts; % [Hz]
% Frequency Analysis
Nfft = floor(2.0*Fs); % Number of frequency points
win = hanning(Nfft); % Windowing
Noverlap = floor(Nfft/2); % Overlap for frequency analysis
% Comnpute the power spectral density
[pxx_rz_dz, f_rz] = pwelch(spindle_errors.Dz, win, Noverlap, Nfft, Fs);
[pxx_rz_dx, ~ ] = pwelch(spindle_errors.Dx_err, win, Noverlap, Nfft, Fs);
[pxx_rz_dy, ~ ] = pwelch(spindle_errors.Dy_err, win, Noverlap, Nfft, Fs);
#+end_src
** Sensitivity to disturbances
<>
To compute the disturbance source (i.e. forces) that induced the measured vibrations in Section ref:ssec:ustation_disturbances_meas, the transfer function from the disturbance sources to the stage vibration (i.e. the "sensitivity to disturbances") needs to be estimated.
This is achieved using the multi-body model presented in Section ref:sec:ustation_modeling.
The obtained transfer functions are shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_model_sensitivity.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Extract sensitivity to disturbances from the Simscape model
% Initialize stages
initializeGround();
initializeGranite();
initializeTy();
initializeRy();
initializeRz();
initializeMicroHexapod();
initializeDisturbances('enable', false);
initializeSimscapeConfiguration('gravity', false);
initializeLoggingConfiguration();
% Configure inputs and outputs
clear io; io_i = 1;
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Dwx'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Vertical Ground Motion
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Dwy'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Vertical Ground Motion
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Dwz'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Vertical Ground Motion
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Fdy_x'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Parasitic force Ty
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Fdy_z'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Parasitic force Ty
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Frz_x'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Parasitic force Rz
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Frz_y'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Parasitic force Rz
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Disturbances/Frz_z'], 1, 'openinput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Parasitic force Rz
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/metrology_6dof/x'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Relative motion - Hexapod/Granite
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/metrology_6dof/y'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Relative motion - Hexapod/Granite
io(io_i) = linio([mdl, '/Micro-Station/metrology_6dof/z'], 1, 'openoutput'); io_i = io_i + 1; % Relative motion - Hexapod/Granite
% Run the linearization
Gd = linearize(mdl, io, 0);
Gd.InputName = {'Dwx', 'Dwy', 'Dwz', 'Fdy_x', 'Fdy_z', 'Frz_x', 'Frz_y', 'Frz_z'};
Gd.OutputName = {'Dx', 'Dy', 'Dz'};
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :tangle no
% The identified dynamics are then saved for further use.
save('matlab/mat/ustation_disturbance_sensitivity.mat', 'Gd')
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no
% The identified dynamics are then saved for further use.
save('./mat/ustation_disturbance_sensitivity.mat', 'Gd')
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Sensitivity to Ground motion
freqs = logspace(log10(10), log10(2e2), 1000);
figure;
hold on;
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dx', 'Dwx'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', '$D_x/D_{xf}$');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dy', 'Dwy'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', '$D_y/D_{yf}$');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dz', 'Dwz'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', '$D_z/D_{zf}$');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude [m/m]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_model_sensitivity_ground_motion.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Sensitivity to Translation stage disturbance forces
figure;
hold on;
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dx', 'Fdy_x'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', '$D_x/F_{xD_y}$');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dz', 'Fdy_z'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'color', colors(3,:), 'DisplayName', '$D_z/F_{zD_y}$');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude [m/N]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
ylim([1e-10, 1e-7]);
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_model_sensitivity_ty.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Sensitivity to Spindle disturbance forces
figure;
hold on;
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dx', 'Frz_x'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', '$D_x/F_{xR_z}$');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dy', 'Frz_y'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', '$D_y/F_{yR_z}$');
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dz', 'Frz_z'), freqs, 'Hz'))), 'DisplayName', '$D_z/F_{zR_z}$');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
ylabel('Amplitude [m/N]'); xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
ylim([1e-10, 1e-7]);
leg = legend('location', 'northwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_model_sensitivity_rz.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_model_sensitivity
#+caption: Extracted transfer functions from disturbances to relative motion between the micro-station's top platform and the granite. The considered disturbances are the ground motion (\subref{fig:ustation_model_sensitivity_ground_motion}), the translation stage vibrations (\subref{fig:ustation_model_sensitivity_ty}), and the spindle vibrations (\subref{fig:ustation_model_sensitivity_rz}).
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_model_sensitivity_ground_motion}Ground motion}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_model_sensitivity_ground_motion.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_model_sensitivity_ty}Translation stage}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_model_sensitivity_ty.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_model_sensitivity_rz}Spindle}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_model_sensitivity_rz.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
** Obtained disturbance sources
<>
From the measured effect of disturbances in Section ref:ssec:ustation_disturbances_meas and the sensitivity to disturbances extracted from the Simscape model in Section ref:ssec:ustation_disturbances_sensitivity, the power spectral density of the disturbance sources (i.e. forces applied in the stage's joint) can be estimated.
The obtained power spectral density of the disturbances are shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_dist_sources.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Compute the PSD of the equivalent disturbance sources
pxx_rz_fx = pxx_rz_dx./abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dx', 'Frz_x'), f_rz, 'Hz'))).^2;
pxx_rz_fy = pxx_rz_dy./abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dy', 'Frz_y'), f_rz, 'Hz'))).^2;
pxx_rz_fz = pxx_rz_dz./abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dz', 'Frz_z'), f_rz, 'Hz'))).^2;
pxx_dy_fx = pxx_dy_dx./abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dx', 'Fdy_x'), f_dy, 'Hz'))).^2;
pxx_dy_fz = pxx_dy_dz./abs(squeeze(freqresp(Gd('Dz', 'Fdy_z'), f_dy, 'Hz'))).^2;
%% Save the PSD of the disturbance sources for further used
% in the Simscape model
% Ground motion
min_f = 1; max_f = 100;
gm_dist.f = f_gm(f_gm < max_f & f_gm > min_f);
gm_dist.pxx_x = pxx_gm_x(f_gm < max_f & f_gm > min_f);
gm_dist.pxx_y = pxx_gm_y(f_gm < max_f & f_gm > min_f);
gm_dist.pxx_z = pxx_gm_z(f_gm < max_f & f_gm > min_f);
% Translation stage
min_f = 0.5; max_f = 500;
dy_dist.f = f_dy(f_dy < max_f & f_dy > min_f);
dy_dist.pxx_fx = pxx_dy_fx(f_dy < max_f & f_dy > min_f);
dy_dist.pxx_fz = pxx_dy_fz(f_dy < max_f & f_dy > min_f);
% Spindle
min_f = 1; max_f = 500;
rz_dist.f = f_rz(f_rz < max_f & f_rz > min_f);
rz_dist.pxx_fx = pxx_rz_fx(f_rz < max_f & f_rz > min_f);
rz_dist.pxx_fy = pxx_rz_fy(f_rz < max_f & f_rz > min_f);
rz_dist.pxx_fz = pxx_rz_fz(f_rz < max_f & f_rz > min_f);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :tangle no
% The identified dynamics are then saved for further use.
save('matlab/mat/ustation_disturbance_psd.mat', 'rz_dist', 'dy_dist', 'gm_dist')
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no
% The identified dynamics are then saved for further use.
save('./mat/ustation_disturbance_psd.mat', 'rz_dist', 'dy_dist', 'gm_dist')
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Ground Motion
figure;
hold on;
plot(f_gm, sqrt(pxx_gm_x), 'DisplayName', '$D_{wx}$');
plot(f_gm, sqrt(pxx_gm_y), 'DisplayName', '$D_{wy}$');
plot(f_gm, sqrt(pxx_gm_z), 'DisplayName', '$D_{wz}$');
set(gca, 'xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'yscale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Spectral Density $\left[\frac{m}{\sqrt{Hz}}\right]$')
xlim([1, 200]);
leg = legend('location', 'northeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_dist_source_ground_motion.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
figure;
hold on;
plot(f_dy, sqrt(pxx_dy_fx), 'DisplayName', '$F_{xD_y}$');
plot(f_dy, sqrt(pxx_dy_fz), 'DisplayName', '$F_{zD_y}$');
set(gca, 'xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'yscale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Spectral Density $\left[\frac{N}{\sqrt{Hz}}\right]$')
xlim([1, 200]); ylim([1e-3, 1e3]);
leg = legend('location', 'northeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_dist_source_translation_stage.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
figure;
hold on;
plot(f_rz, sqrt(pxx_rz_fx), 'DisplayName', '$F_{xR_z}$');
plot(f_rz, sqrt(pxx_rz_fy), 'DisplayName', '$F_{yR_z}$');
plot(f_rz, sqrt(pxx_rz_fz), 'DisplayName', '$F_{zR_z}$');
set(gca, 'xscale', 'log'); set(gca, 'yscale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Spectral Density $\left[\frac{N}{\sqrt{Hz}}\right]$')
xlim([1, 200]); ylim([1e-3, 1e3]);
leg = legend('location', 'northeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_dist_source_spindle.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_dist_sources
#+caption: Measured spectral density of the micro-station disturbance sources. Ground motion (\subref{fig:ustation_dist_source_ground_motion}), translation stage (\subref{fig:ustation_dist_source_translation_stage}) and spindle (\subref{fig:ustation_dist_source_spindle}).
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_dist_source_ground_motion}Ground Motion}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_dist_source_ground_motion.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_dist_source_translation_stage}Translation Stage}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_dist_source_translation_stage.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_dist_source_spindle}Spindle}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_dist_source_spindle.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
The disturbances are characterized by their power spectral densities, as shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_dist_sources.
However, to perform time domain simulations, disturbances must be represented by a time domain signal.
To generate stochastic time-domain signals with a specific power spectral densities, the discrete inverse Fourier transform is used, as explained in [[cite:&preumont94_random_vibrat_spect_analy chap. 12.11]].
Examples of the obtained time-domain disturbance signals are shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_dist_sources_time.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Compute time domain disturbance signals
initializeDisturbances();
load('nass_model_disturbances.mat');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
figure;
hold on;
plot(Rz.t, Rz.x, 'DisplayName', '$F_{xR_z}$');
plot(Rz.t, Rz.y, 'DisplayName', '$F_{yR_z}$');
plot(Rz.t, Rz.z, 'DisplayName', '$F_{zR_z}$');
xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Amplitude [N]')
xlim([0, 1]); ylim([-100, 100]);
leg = legend('location', 'northwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_dist_source_spindle_time.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
figure;
hold on;
plot(Dy.t, Dy.x, 'DisplayName', '$F_{xD_y}$');
plot(Dy.t, Dy.z, 'DisplayName', '$F_{zD_y}$');
xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Amplitude [N]')
xlim([0, 1]); ylim([-60, 60])
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_dist_source_translation_stage_time.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
figure;
hold on;
plot(Dw.t, 1e6*Dw.x, 'DisplayName', '$D_{xf}$');
plot(Dw.t, 1e6*Dw.y, 'DisplayName', '$D_{yf}$');
plot(Dw.t, 1e6*Dw.z, 'DisplayName', '$D_{zf}$');
xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Amplitude [$\mu$m]')
xlim([0, 1]); ylim([-0.6, 0.6])
leg = legend('location', 'northwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_dist_source_ground_motion_time.pdf', 'width', 'third', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_dist_sources_time
#+caption: Generated time domain disturbance signals. Ground motion (\subref{fig:ustation_dist_source_ground_motion_time}), translation stage (\subref{fig:ustation_dist_source_translation_stage_time}) and spindle (\subref{fig:ustation_dist_source_spindle_time}).
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_dist_source_ground_motion_time}Ground Motion}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_dist_source_ground_motion_time.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_dist_source_translation_stage_time}Translation Stage}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_dist_source_translation_stage_time.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_dist_source_spindle_time}Spindle}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.33\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :width 0.9\linewidth
[[file:figs/ustation_dist_source_spindle_time.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
* Simulation of Scientific Experiments
:PROPERTIES:
:HEADER-ARGS:matlab+: :tangle matlab/ustation_4_experiments.m
:END:
<>
** Introduction :ignore:
To fully validate the micro-station multi-body model, two time-domain simulations corresponding to typical use cases were performed.
First, a tomography experiment (i.e. a constant Spindle rotation) was performed and was compared with experimental measurements (Section ref:sec:ustation_experiments_tomography).
Second, a constant velocity scans with the translation stage was performed and also compared with the experimental data (Section ref:sec:ustation_experiments_ty_scans).
** Matlab Init :noexport:ignore:
#+begin_src matlab
%% ustation_4_experiments.m
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports none :results silent :noweb yes :var current_dir=(file-name-directory buffer-file-name)
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results silent :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :eval no :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :noweb yes
<>
#+end_src
** Tomography Experiment
<>
To simulate a tomography experiment, the setpoint of the Spindle is configured to perform a constant rotation with a rotational velocity of 60rpm.
Both ground motion and spindle vibration disturbances were simulated based on what was computed in Section ref:sec:ustation_disturbances.
A radial offset of $\approx 1\,\mu m$ between the "point-of-interest" and the spindle's rotation axis is introduced to represent what is experimentally observed.
During the 10 second simulation (i.e. 10 spindle turns), the position of the "point-of-interest" with respect to the granite was recorded.
Results are shown in Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle.
A good correlation with the measurements is observed both for radial errors (Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle_radial) and axial errors (Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle_axial).
#+begin_src matlab
%% Tomography experiment
% Sample is not centered with the rotation axis
% This is done by offsetfing the micro-hexapod by 0.9um
P_micro_hexapod = [0.9e-6; 0; 0]; % [m]
set_param(conf_simulink, 'StopTime', '10');
initializeGround();
initializeGranite();
initializeTy();
initializeRy();
initializeRz();
initializeMicroHexapod('AP', P_micro_hexapod);
initializeSimscapeConfiguration('gravity', false);
initializeLoggingConfiguration('log', 'all');
initializeDisturbances(...
'Dw_x', true, ... % Ground Motion - X direction
'Dw_y', true, ... % Ground Motion - Y direction
'Dw_z', true, ... % Ground Motion - Z direction
'Fdy_x', false, ... % Translation Stage - X direction
'Fdy_z', false, ... % Translation Stage - Z direction
'Frz_x', true, ... % Spindle - X direction
'Frz_y', true, ... % Spindle - Y direction
'Frz_z', true); % Spindle - Z direction
initializeReferences(...
'Rz_type', 'rotating', ...
'Rz_period', 1, ...
'Dh_pos', [P_micro_hexapod; 0; 0; 0]);
sim(mdl);
exp_tomography = simout;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
%% Compare with the measurements
spindle_errors = load('ustation_errors_spindle.mat');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measured radial errors of the Spindle
figure;
hold on;
plot(1e6*spindle_errors.Dx(1:100:end), 1e6*spindle_errors.Dy(1:100:end), 'DisplayName', 'Measurements')
plot(1e6*exp_tomography.y.x.Data, 1e6*exp_tomography.y.y.Data, 'DisplayName', 'Simulation')
hold off;
xlabel('X displacement [$\mu$m]'); ylabel('Y displacement [$\mu$m]');
axis equal
xlim([-1, 1]); ylim([-1, 1]);
xticks([-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1]);
yticks([-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1]);
leg = legend('location', 'none', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_model_spindle_radial.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
%% Measured axial errors of the Spindle
figure;
hold on;
plot(spindle_errors.deg(1:100:end)/360, detrend(1e9*spindle_errors.Dz(1:100:end), 0), 'DisplayName', 'Measurements')
plot(exp_tomography.y.z.Time, detrend(1e9*exp_tomography.y.z.Data, 0), 'DisplayName', 'Simulation')
hold off;
xlabel('Rotation [turn]'); ylabel('Z displacement [nm]');
axis square
xlim([0,2]); ylim([-40, 40]);
leg = legend('location', 'southwest', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file none
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_model_spindle_axial.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle
#+caption: Simulation results for a tomography experiment at constant velocity of 60rpm. The comparison is made with measurements for both radial (\subref{fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle_radial}) and axial errors (\subref{fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle_axial}).
#+attr_latex: :options [htbp]
#+begin_figure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle_radial}Radial error}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :scale 1
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_model_spindle_radial.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :caption \subcaption{\label{fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle_axial}Axial error}
#+attr_latex: :options {0.49\textwidth}
#+begin_subfigure
#+attr_latex: :scale 1
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_model_spindle_axial.png]]
#+end_subfigure
#+end_figure
** Raster Scans with the translation stage
<>
A second experiment was performed in which the translation stage was scanned at constant velocity.
The translation stage setpoint is configured to have a "triangular" shape with stroke of $\pm 4.5\, mm$.
Both ground motion and translation stage vibrations were included in the simulation.
Similar to what was performed for the tomography simulation, the PoI position with respect to the granite was recorded and compared with the experimental measurements in Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_model_dy_vertical.
A similar error amplitude was observed, thus indicating that the multi-body model with the included disturbances accurately represented the micro-station behavior in typical scientific experiments.
#+begin_src matlab
%% Translation stage latteral scans
set_param(conf_simulink, 'StopTime', '2');
initializeGround();
initializeGranite();
initializeTy();
initializeRy();
initializeRz();
initializeMicroHexapod();
initializeSimscapeConfiguration('gravity', false);
initializeLoggingConfiguration('log', 'all');
initializeDisturbances(...
'Dw_x', true, ... % Ground Motion - X direction
'Dw_y', true, ... % Ground Motion - Y direction
'Dw_z', true, ... % Ground Motion - Z direction
'Fdy_x', true, ... % Translation Stage - X direction
'Fdy_z', true, ... % Translation Stage - Z direction
'Frz_x', false, ... % Spindle - X direction
'Frz_y', false, ... % Spindle - Y direction
'Frz_z', false); % Spindle - Z direction
initializeReferences(...
'Dy_type', 'triangular', ...
'Dy_amplitude', 4.5e-3, ...
'Dy_period', 2);
sim(mdl);
exp_latteral_scans = simout;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
% Load the experimentally measured errors
ty_errors = load('ustation_errors_ty.mat');
% Compute best straight line to remove it from data
average_error = mean(ty_errors.ty_z')';
straight_line = average_error - detrend(average_error, 1);
% Only plot data for the scan from -4.5mm to 4.5mm
dy_setpoint = 1e3*exp_latteral_scans.y.y.Data(exp_latteral_scans.y.y.time > 0.5 & exp_latteral_scans.y.y.time < 1.5);
dz_error = detrend(1e6*exp_latteral_scans.y.z.Data(exp_latteral_scans.y.y.time > 0.5 & exp_latteral_scans.y.y.time < 1.5), 0);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :exports none :results none
figure;
hold on;
plot(ty_errors.setpoint, detrend(ty_errors.ty_z(:,1) - straight_line, 0), 'color', colors(1,:), 'DisplayName', 'Measurement')
% plot(ty_errors.setpoint, detrend(ty_errors.ty_z(:,[4,6]) - straight_line, 0), 'color', colors(1,:), 'HandleVisibility', 'off')
plot(dy_setpoint, dz_error, 'color', colors(2,:), 'DisplayName', 'Simulation')
hold off;
xlabel('$D_y$ position [mm]'); ylabel('Vertical error [$\mu$m]');
xlim([-5, 5]); ylim([-0.4, 0.4]);
leg = legend('location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 8, 'NumColumns', 1);
leg.ItemTokenSize(1) = 15;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab :tangle no :exports results :results file replace
xticks([-5:1:5]); yticks([-0.4:0.1:0.4]);
exportFig('figs/ustation_errors_model_dy_vertical.pdf', 'width', 'half', 'height', 'normal');
#+end_src
#+name: fig:ustation_errors_model_dy_vertical
#+caption: Vertical errors during a constant-velocity scan of the translation stage. Comparison of the measurements and simulated errors.
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/ustation_errors_model_dy_vertical.png]]
* Conclusion
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: t
:END:
<>
In this study, a multi-body model of the micro-station was developed.
It was difficult to match the measured dynamics obtained from the modal analysis of the micro-station.
However, the most important dynamical characteristic to be modeled is the compliance, as it affects the dynamics of the NASS.
After tuning the model parameters, a good match with the measured compliance was obtained (Figure ref:fig:ustation_frf_compliance_model).
The disturbances affecting the sample position should also be well modeled.
After experimentally estimating the disturbances (Section ref:sec:ustation_disturbances), the multi-body model was finally validated by performing a tomography simulation (Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_model_spindle) as well as a simulation in which the translation stage was scanned (Figure ref:fig:ustation_errors_model_dy_vertical).
* Bibliography :ignore:
#+latex: \printbibliography[heading=bibintoc,title={Bibliography}]
* Helping Functions :noexport:
** Initialize Path
#+NAME: m-init-path
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
addpath('./matlab/'); % Path for scripts
%% Path for functions, data and scripts
addpath('./matlab/mat/'); % Path for Computed FRF
addpath('./matlab/src/'); % Path for functions
addpath('./matlab/STEPS/'); % Path for STEPS
addpath('./matlab/subsystems/'); % Path for Subsystems Simulink files
#+END_SRC
#+NAME: m-init-path-tangle
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
%% Path for functions, data and scripts
addpath('./mat/'); % Path for Data
addpath('./src/'); % Path for functions
addpath('./STEPS/'); % Path for STEPS
addpath('./subsystems/'); % Path for Subsystems Simulink files
#+END_SRC
** Initialize Simscape Model
#+NAME: m-init-simscape
#+begin_src matlab
% Simulink Model name
mdl = 'ustation_simscape';
load('nass_model_conf_simulink.mat');
#+end_src
** Initialize other elements
#+NAME: m-init-other
#+BEGIN_SRC matlab
%% Colors for the figures
colors = colororder;
%% Frequency Vector
freqs = logspace(log10(10), log10(2e3), 1000);
#+END_SRC
* Matlab Functions :noexport:
** =initializeSimscapeConfiguration=: Simscape Configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeSimscapeConfiguration.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
*** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [] = initializeSimscapeConfiguration(args)
#+end_src
*** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.gravity logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
end
#+end_src
*** Structure initialization
#+begin_src matlab
conf_simscape = struct();
#+end_src
*** Add Type
#+begin_src matlab
if args.gravity
conf_simscape.type = 1;
else
conf_simscape.type = 2;
end
#+end_src
*** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_conf_simscape.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_conf_simscape.mat', 'conf_simscape', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_conf_simscape.mat', 'conf_simscape');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_conf_simscape.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_conf_simscape.mat', 'conf_simscape', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_conf_simscape.mat', 'conf_simscape');
end
end
#+end_src
** =initializeLoggingConfiguration=: Logging Configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeLoggingConfiguration.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
*** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [] = initializeLoggingConfiguration(args)
#+end_src
*** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.log char {mustBeMember(args.log,{'none', 'all', 'forces'})} = 'none'
args.Ts (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1e-3
end
#+end_src
*** Structure initialization
#+begin_src matlab
conf_log = struct();
#+end_src
*** Add Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.log
case 'none'
conf_log.type = 0;
case 'all'
conf_log.type = 1;
case 'forces'
conf_log.type = 2;
end
#+end_src
*** Sampling Time
#+begin_src matlab
conf_log.Ts = args.Ts;
#+end_src
*** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_conf_log.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_conf_log.mat', 'conf_log', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_conf_log.mat', 'conf_log');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_conf_log.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_conf_log.mat', 'conf_log', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_conf_log.mat', 'conf_log');
end
end
#+end_src
** =initializeReferences=: Generate Reference Signals
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeReferences.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
*** Function Declaration and Documentation
#+begin_src matlab
function [ref] = initializeReferences(args)
#+end_src
*** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
% Sampling Frequency [s]
args.Ts (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1e-3
% Maximum simulation time [s]
args.Tmax (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 100
% Either "constant" / "triangular" / "sinusoidal"
args.Dy_type char {mustBeMember(args.Dy_type,{'constant', 'triangular', 'sinusoidal'})} = 'constant'
% Amplitude of the displacement [m]
args.Dy_amplitude (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0
% Period of the displacement [s]
args.Dy_period (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
% Either "constant" / "triangular" / "sinusoidal"
args.Ry_type char {mustBeMember(args.Ry_type,{'constant', 'triangular', 'sinusoidal'})} = 'constant'
% Amplitude [rad]
args.Ry_amplitude (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0
% Period of the displacement [s]
args.Ry_period (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
% Either "constant" / "rotating"
args.Rz_type char {mustBeMember(args.Rz_type,{'constant', 'rotating', 'rotating-not-filtered'})} = 'constant'
% Initial angle [rad]
args.Rz_amplitude (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0
% Period of the rotating [s]
args.Rz_period (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
% For now, only constant is implemented
args.Dh_type char {mustBeMember(args.Dh_type,{'constant'})} = 'constant'
% Initial position [m,m,m,rad,rad,rad] of the top platform (Pitch-Roll-Yaw Euler angles)
args.Dh_pos (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(6, 1), ...
% For now, only constant is implemented
args.Rm_type char {mustBeMember(args.Rm_type,{'constant'})} = 'constant'
% Initial position of the two masses
args.Rm_pos (2,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = [0; pi]
% For now, only constant is implemented
args.Dn_type char {mustBeMember(args.Dn_type,{'constant'})} = 'constant'
% Initial position [m,m,m,rad,rad,rad] of the top platform
args.Dn_pos (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(6,1)
end
#+end_src
*** Initialize Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
%% Set Sampling Time
Ts = args.Ts;
Tmax = args.Tmax;
%% Low Pass Filter to filter out the references
s = zpk('s');
w0 = 2*pi*10;
xi = 1;
H_lpf = 1/(1 + 2*xi/w0*s + s^2/w0^2);
#+end_src
*** Translation Stage
#+begin_src matlab
%% Translation stage - Dy
t = 0:Ts:Tmax; % Time Vector [s]
Dy = zeros(length(t), 1);
Dyd = zeros(length(t), 1);
Dydd = zeros(length(t), 1);
switch args.Dy_type
case 'constant'
Dy(:) = args.Dy_amplitude;
Dyd(:) = 0;
Dydd(:) = 0;
case 'triangular'
% This is done to unsure that we start with no displacement
Dy_raw = args.Dy_amplitude*sawtooth(2*pi*t/args.Dy_period,1/2);
i0 = find(t>=args.Dy_period/4,1);
Dy(1:end-i0+1) = Dy_raw(i0:end);
Dy(end-i0+2:end) = Dy_raw(end); % we fix the last value
% The signal is filtered out
Dy = lsim(H_lpf, Dy, t);
Dyd = lsim(H_lpf*s, Dy, t);
Dydd = lsim(H_lpf*s^2, Dy, t);
case 'sinusoidal'
Dy(:) = args.Dy_amplitude*sin(2*pi/args.Dy_period*t);
Dyd = args.Dy_amplitude*2*pi/args.Dy_period*cos(2*pi/args.Dy_period*t);
Dydd = -args.Dy_amplitude*(2*pi/args.Dy_period)^2*sin(2*pi/args.Dy_period*t);
otherwise
warning('Dy_type is not set correctly');
end
Dy = struct('time', t, 'signals', struct('values', Dy), 'deriv', Dyd, 'dderiv', Dydd);
#+end_src
*** Tilt Stage
#+begin_src matlab
%% Tilt Stage - Ry
t = 0:Ts:Tmax; % Time Vector [s]
Ry = zeros(length(t), 1);
Ryd = zeros(length(t), 1);
Rydd = zeros(length(t), 1);
switch args.Ry_type
case 'constant'
Ry(:) = args.Ry_amplitude;
Ryd(:) = 0;
Rydd(:) = 0;
case 'triangular'
Ry_raw = args.Ry_amplitude*sawtooth(2*pi*t/args.Ry_period,1/2);
i0 = find(t>=args.Ry_period/4,1);
Ry(1:end-i0+1) = Ry_raw(i0:end);
Ry(end-i0+2:end) = Ry_raw(end); % we fix the last value
% The signal is filtered out
Ry = lsim(H_lpf, Ry, t);
Ryd = lsim(H_lpf*s, Ry, t);
Rydd = lsim(H_lpf*s^2, Ry, t);
case 'sinusoidal'
Ry(:) = args.Ry_amplitude*sin(2*pi/args.Ry_period*t);
Ryd = args.Ry_amplitude*2*pi/args.Ry_period*cos(2*pi/args.Ry_period*t);
Rydd = -args.Ry_amplitude*(2*pi/args.Ry_period)^2*sin(2*pi/args.Ry_period*t);
otherwise
warning('Ry_type is not set correctly');
end
Ry = struct('time', t, 'signals', struct('values', Ry), 'deriv', Ryd, 'dderiv', Rydd);
#+end_src
*** Spindle
#+begin_src matlab
%% Spindle - Rz
t = 0:Ts:Tmax; % Time Vector [s]
Rz = zeros(length(t), 1);
Rzd = zeros(length(t), 1);
Rzdd = zeros(length(t), 1);
switch args.Rz_type
case 'constant'
Rz(:) = args.Rz_amplitude;
Rzd(:) = 0;
Rzdd(:) = 0;
case 'rotating-not-filtered'
Rz(:) = 2*pi/args.Rz_period*t;
% The signal is filtered out
Rz(:) = 2*pi/args.Rz_period*t;
Rzd(:) = 2*pi/args.Rz_period;
Rzdd(:) = 0;
% We add the angle offset
Rz = Rz + args.Rz_amplitude;
case 'rotating'
Rz(:) = 2*pi/args.Rz_period*t;
% The signal is filtered out
Rz = lsim(H_lpf, Rz, t);
Rzd = lsim(H_lpf*s, Rz, t);
Rzdd = lsim(H_lpf*s^2, Rz, t);
% We add the angle offset
Rz = Rz + args.Rz_amplitude;
otherwise
warning('Rz_type is not set correctly');
end
Rz = struct('time', t, 'signals', struct('values', Rz), 'deriv', Rzd, 'dderiv', Rzdd);
#+end_src
*** Micro Hexapod
#+begin_src matlab
%% Micro-Hexapod
t = [0, Ts];
Dh = zeros(length(t), 6);
Dhl = zeros(length(t), 6);
switch args.Dh_type
case 'constant'
Dh = [args.Dh_pos, args.Dh_pos];
load('nass_model_stages.mat', 'micro_hexapod');
AP = [args.Dh_pos(1) ; args.Dh_pos(2) ; args.Dh_pos(3)];
tx = args.Dh_pos(4);
ty = args.Dh_pos(5);
tz = args.Dh_pos(6);
ARB = [cos(tz) -sin(tz) 0;
sin(tz) cos(tz) 0;
0 0 1]*...
[ cos(ty) 0 sin(ty);
0 1 0;
-sin(ty) 0 cos(ty)]*...
[1 0 0;
0 cos(tx) -sin(tx);
0 sin(tx) cos(tx)];
[~, Dhl] = inverseKinematics(micro_hexapod, 'AP', AP, 'ARB', ARB);
Dhl = [Dhl, Dhl];
otherwise
warning('Dh_type is not set correctly');
end
Dh = struct('time', t, 'signals', struct('values', Dh));
Dhl = struct('time', t, 'signals', struct('values', Dhl));
#+end_src
*** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_references.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_references.mat', 'Dy', 'Ry', 'Rz', 'Dh', 'Dhl', 'args', 'Ts', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_references.mat', 'Dy', 'Ry', 'Rz', 'Dh', 'Dhl', 'args', 'Ts');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_references.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_references.mat', 'Dy', 'Ry', 'Rz', 'Dh', 'Dhl', 'args', 'Ts', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_references.mat', 'Dy', 'Ry', 'Rz', 'Dh', 'Dhl', 'args', 'Ts');
end
end
#+end_src
** =initializeDisturbances=: Initialize Disturbances
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeDisturbances.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes
:header-args:matlab+: :eval no :results none
:END:
*** Function Declaration and Documentation
#+begin_src matlab
function [] = initializeDisturbances(args)
% initializeDisturbances - Initialize the disturbances
%
% Syntax: [] = initializeDisturbances(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args -
#+end_src
*** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
% Global parameter to enable or disable the disturbances
args.enable logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Ground Motion - X direction
args.Dw_x logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Ground Motion - Y direction
args.Dw_y logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Ground Motion - Z direction
args.Dw_z logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Translation Stage - X direction
args.Fdy_x logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Translation Stage - Z direction
args.Fdy_z logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Spindle - X direction
args.Frz_x logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Spindle - Y direction
args.Frz_y logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
% Spindle - Z direction
args.Frz_z logical {mustBeNumericOrLogical} = true
end
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
% Initialization of random numbers
rng("shuffle");
#+end_src
*** Ground Motion
#+begin_src matlab
%% Ground Motion
if args.enable
% Load the PSD of disturbance
load('ustation_disturbance_psd.mat', 'gm_dist')
% Frequency Data
Dw.f = gm_dist.f;
Dw.psd_x = gm_dist.pxx_x;
Dw.psd_y = gm_dist.pxx_y;
Dw.psd_z = gm_dist.pxx_z;
% Time data
Fs = 2*Dw.f(end); % Sampling Frequency of data is twice the maximum frequency of the PSD vector [Hz]
N = 2*length(Dw.f); % Number of Samples match the one of the wanted PSD
T0 = N/Fs; % Signal Duration [s]
Dw.t = linspace(0, T0, N+1)'; % Time Vector [s]
% ASD representation of the ground motion
C = zeros(N/2,1);
for i = 1:N/2
C(i) = sqrt(Dw.psd_x(i)/T0);
end
if args.Dw_x
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Dw.x = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % Ground Motion - x direction [m]
else
Dw.x = zeros(length(Dw.t), 1);
end
if args.Dw_y
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Dw.y = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % Ground Motion - y direction [m]
else
Dw.y = zeros(length(Dw.t), 1);
end
if args.Dw_y
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Dw.z = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % Ground Motion - z direction [m]
else
Dw.z = zeros(length(Dw.t), 1);
end
else
Dw.t = [0,1]; % Time Vector [s]
Dw.x = [0,0]; % Ground Motion - X [m]
Dw.y = [0,0]; % Ground Motion - Y [m]
Dw.z = [0,0]; % Ground Motion - Z [m]
end
#+end_src
*** Translation stage
#+begin_src matlab
%% Translation stage
if args.enable
% Load the PSD of disturbance
load('ustation_disturbance_psd.mat', 'dy_dist')
% Frequency Data
Dy.f = dy_dist.f;
Dy.psd_x = dy_dist.pxx_fx;
Dy.psd_z = dy_dist.pxx_fz;
% Time data
Fs = 2*Dy.f(end); % Sampling Frequency of data is twice the maximum frequency of the PSD vector [Hz]
N = 2*length(Dy.f); % Number of Samples match the one of the wanted PSD
T0 = N/Fs; % Signal Duration [s]
Dy.t = linspace(0, T0, N+1)'; % Time Vector [s]
% ASD representation of the disturbance voice
C = zeros(N/2,1);
for i = 1:N/2
C(i) = sqrt(Dy.psd_x(i)/T0);
end
if args.Fdy_x
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Dy.x = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % Translation stage disturbances - X direction [N]
else
Dy.x = zeros(length(Dy.t), 1);
end
if args.Fdy_z
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Dy.z = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % Translation stage disturbances - Z direction [N]
else
Dy.z = zeros(length(Dy.t), 1);
end
else
Dy.t = [0,1]; % Time Vector [s]
Dy.x = [0,0]; % Translation Stage disturbances - X [N]
Dy.z = [0,0]; % Translation Stage disturbances - Z [N]
end
#+end_src
*** Spindle
#+begin_src matlab
%% Spindle
if args.enable
% Load the PSD of disturbance
load('ustation_disturbance_psd.mat', 'rz_dist')
% Frequency Data
Rz.f = rz_dist.f;
Rz.psd_x = rz_dist.pxx_fx;
Rz.psd_y = rz_dist.pxx_fy;
Rz.psd_z = rz_dist.pxx_fz;
% Time data
Fs = 2*Rz.f(end); % Sampling Frequency of data is twice the maximum frequency of the PSD vector [Hz]
N = 2*length(Rz.f); % Number of Samples match the one of the wanted PSD
T0 = N/Fs; % Signal Duration [s]
Rz.t = linspace(0, T0, N+1)'; % Time Vector [s]
% ASD representation of the disturbance voice
C = zeros(N/2,1);
for i = 1:N/2
C(i) = sqrt(Rz.psd_x(i)/T0);
end
if args.Frz_x
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Rz.x = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % spindle disturbances - X direction [N]
else
Rz.x = zeros(length(Rz.t), 1);
end
if args.Frz_y
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Rz.y = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % spindle disturbances - Y direction [N]
else
Rz.y = zeros(length(Rz.t), 1);
end
if args.Frz_z
theta = 2*pi*rand(N/2,1); % Generate random phase [rad]
Cx = [0 ; C.*complex(cos(theta),sin(theta))];
Cx = [Cx; flipud(conj(Cx(2:end)))];;
Rz.z = N/sqrt(2)*ifft(Cx); % spindle disturbances - Z direction [N]
else
Rz.z = zeros(length(Rz.t), 1);
end
else
Rz.t = [0,1]; % Time Vector [s]
Rz.x = [0,0]; % Spindle disturbances - X [N]
Rz.y = [0,0]; % Spindle disturbances - X [N]
Rz.z = [0,0]; % Spindle disturbances - Z [N]
end
#+end_src
*** Direct Forces
#+begin_src matlab
u = zeros(100, 6);
Fd = u;
#+end_src
*** Set initial value to zero
#+begin_src matlab
Dw.x = Dw.x - Dw.x(1);
Dw.y = Dw.y - Dw.y(1);
Dw.z = Dw.z - Dw.z(1);
Dy.x = Dy.x - Dy.x(1);
Dy.z = Dy.z - Dy.z(1);
Rz.x = Rz.x - Rz.x(1);
Rz.y = Rz.y - Rz.y(1);
Rz.z = Rz.z - Rz.z(1);
#+end_src
*** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
save('mat/nass_model_disturbances.mat', 'Dw', 'Dy', 'Rz', 'Fd', 'args');
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_disturbances.mat', 'Dw', 'Dy', 'Rz', 'Fd', 'args');
end
#+end_src
** =describeMicroStationSetup=
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/describeMicroStationSetup.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
*** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [] = describeMicroStationSetup()
% describeMicroStationSetup -
%
% Syntax: [] = describeMicroStationSetup()
%
% Inputs:
% - -
%
% Outputs:
% - -
#+end_src
*** Simscape Configuration
#+begin_src matlab
load('./mat/nass_model_conf_simscape.mat', 'conf_simscape');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
fprintf('Simscape Configuration:\n');
if conf_simscape.type == 1
fprintf('- Gravity is included\n');
else
fprintf('- Gravity is not included\n');
end
fprintf('\n');
#+end_src
*** Disturbances
#+begin_src matlab
load('./mat/nass_model_disturbances.mat', 'args');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
fprintf('Disturbances:\n');
if ~args.enable
fprintf('- No disturbance is included\n');
else
if args.Dwx && args.Dwy && args.Dwz
fprintf('- Ground motion\n');
end
if args.Fdy_x && args.Fdy_z
fprintf('- Vibrations of the Translation Stage\n');
end
if args.Frz_z
fprintf('- Vibrations of the Spindle\n');
end
end
fprintf('\n');
#+end_src
*** References
#+begin_src matlab
load('./mat/nass_model_references.mat', 'args');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
fprintf('Reference Tracking:\n');
fprintf('- Translation Stage:\n');
switch args.Dy_type
case 'constant'
fprintf(' - Constant Position\n');
fprintf(' - Dy = %.0f [mm]\n', args.Dy_amplitude*1e3);
case 'triangular'
fprintf(' - Triangular Path\n');
fprintf(' - Amplitude = %.0f [mm]\n', args.Dy_amplitude*1e3);
fprintf(' - Period = %.0f [s]\n', args.Dy_period);
case 'sinusoidal'
fprintf(' - Sinusoidal Path\n');
fprintf(' - Amplitude = %.0f [mm]\n', args.Dy_amplitude*1e3);
fprintf(' - Period = %.0f [s]\n', args.Dy_period);
end
fprintf('- Tilt Stage:\n');
switch args.Ry_type
case 'constant'
fprintf(' - Constant Position\n');
fprintf(' - Ry = %.0f [mm]\n', args.Ry_amplitude*1e3);
case 'triangular'
fprintf(' - Triangular Path\n');
fprintf(' - Amplitude = %.0f [mm]\n', args.Ry_amplitude*1e3);
fprintf(' - Period = %.0f [s]\n', args.Ry_period);
case 'sinusoidal'
fprintf(' - Sinusoidal Path\n');
fprintf(' - Amplitude = %.0f [mm]\n', args.Ry_amplitude*1e3);
fprintf(' - Period = %.0f [s]\n', args.Ry_period);
end
fprintf('- Spindle:\n');
switch args.Rz_type
case 'constant'
fprintf(' - Constant Position\n');
fprintf(' - Rz = %.0f [deg]\n', 180/pi*args.Rz_amplitude);
case { 'rotating', 'rotating-not-filtered' }
fprintf(' - Rotating\n');
fprintf(' - Speed = %.0f [rpm]\n', 60/args.Rz_period);
end
fprintf('- Micro Hexapod:\n');
switch args.Dh_type
case 'constant'
fprintf(' - Constant Position\n');
fprintf(' - Dh = %.0f, %.0f, %.0f [mm]\n', args.Dh_pos(1), args.Dh_pos(2), args.Dh_pos(3));
fprintf(' - Rh = %.0f, %.0f, %.0f [deg]\n', args.Dh_pos(4), args.Dh_pos(5), args.Dh_pos(6));
end
fprintf('\n');
#+end_src
*** Micro-Station
#+begin_src matlab
load('./mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ground', 'granite', 'ty', 'ry', 'rz', 'micro_hexapod', 'axisc');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
fprintf('Micro Station:\n');
if granite.type == 1 && ...
ty.type == 1 && ...
ry.type == 1 && ...
rz.type == 1 && ...
micro_hexapod.type == 1;
fprintf('- All stages are rigid\n');
elseif granite.type == 2 && ...
ty.type == 2 && ...
ry.type == 2 && ...
rz.type == 2 && ...
micro_hexapod.type == 2;
fprintf('- All stages are flexible\n');
else
if granite.type == 1 || granite.type == 4
fprintf('- Granite is rigid\n');
else
fprintf('- Granite is flexible\n');
end
if ty.type == 1 || ty.type == 4
fprintf('- Translation Stage is rigid\n');
else
fprintf('- Translation Stage is flexible\n');
end
if ry.type == 1 || ry.type == 4
fprintf('- Tilt Stage is rigid\n');
else
fprintf('- Tilt Stage is flexible\n');
end
if rz.type == 1 || rz.type == 4
fprintf('- Spindle is rigid\n');
else
fprintf('- Spindle is flexible\n');
end
if micro_hexapod.type == 1 || micro_hexapod.type == 4
fprintf('- Micro Hexapod is rigid\n');
else
fprintf('- Micro Hexapod is flexible\n');
end
end
fprintf('\n');
#+end_src
** =computeReferencePose=
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/computeReferencePose.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
function [WTr] = computeReferencePose(Dy, Ry, Rz, Dh, Dn)
% computeReferencePose - Compute the homogeneous transformation matrix corresponding to the wanted pose of the sample
%
% Syntax: [WTr] = computeReferencePose(Dy, Ry, Rz, Dh, Dn)
%
% Inputs:
% - Dy - Reference of the Translation Stage [m]
% - Ry - Reference of the Tilt Stage [rad]
% - Rz - Reference of the Spindle [rad]
% - Dh - Reference of the Micro Hexapod (Pitch, Roll, Yaw angles) [m, m, m, rad, rad, rad]
% - Dn - Reference of the Nano Hexapod [m, m, m, rad, rad, rad]
%
% Outputs:
% - WTr -
%% Translation Stage
Rty = [1 0 0 0;
0 1 0 Dy;
0 0 1 0;
0 0 0 1];
%% Tilt Stage - Pure rotating aligned with Ob
Rry = [ cos(Ry) 0 sin(Ry) 0;
0 1 0 0;
-sin(Ry) 0 cos(Ry) 0;
0 0 0 1];
%% Spindle - Rotation along the Z axis
Rrz = [cos(Rz) -sin(Rz) 0 0 ;
sin(Rz) cos(Rz) 0 0 ;
0 0 1 0 ;
0 0 0 1 ];
%% Micro-Hexapod
Rhx = [1 0 0;
0 cos(Dh(4)) -sin(Dh(4));
0 sin(Dh(4)) cos(Dh(4))];
Rhy = [ cos(Dh(5)) 0 sin(Dh(5));
0 1 0;
-sin(Dh(5)) 0 cos(Dh(5))];
Rhz = [cos(Dh(6)) -sin(Dh(6)) 0;
sin(Dh(6)) cos(Dh(6)) 0;
0 0 1];
Rh = [1 0 0 Dh(1) ;
0 1 0 Dh(2) ;
0 0 1 Dh(3) ;
0 0 0 1 ];
Rh(1:3, 1:3) = Rhz*Rhy*Rhx;
%% Nano-Hexapod
Rnx = [1 0 0;
0 cos(Dn(4)) -sin(Dn(4));
0 sin(Dn(4)) cos(Dn(4))];
Rny = [ cos(Dn(5)) 0 sin(Dn(5));
0 1 0;
-sin(Dn(5)) 0 cos(Dn(5))];
Rnz = [cos(Dn(6)) -sin(Dn(6)) 0;
sin(Dn(6)) cos(Dn(6)) 0;
0 0 1];
Rn = [1 0 0 Dn(1) ;
0 1 0 Dn(2) ;
0 0 1 Dn(3) ;
0 0 0 1 ];
Rn(1:3, 1:3) = Rnz*Rny*Rnx;
%% Total Homogeneous transformation
WTr = Rty*Rry*Rrz*Rh*Rn;
end
#+end_src
** =circlefit=
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/circlefit.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
#+begin_src matlab
function [xc,yc,R,a] = circlefit(x,y)
%
% [xc yx R] = circfit(x,y)
%
% fits a circle in x,y plane in a more accurate
% (less prone to ill condition )
% procedure than circfit2 but using more memory
% x,y are column vector where (x(i),y(i)) is a measured point
%
% result is center point (yc,xc) and radius R
% an optional output is the vector of coeficient a
% describing the circle's equation
%
% x^2+y^2+a(1)*x+a(2)*y+a(3)=0
%
% By: Izhak bucher 25/oct /1991,
x=x(:); y=y(:);
a=[x y ones(size(x))]\[-(x.^2+y.^2)];
xc = -.5*a(1);
yc = -.5*a(2);
R = sqrt((a(1)^2+a(2)^2)/4-a(3));
#+end_src
** Initialize Micro-Station Stages
*** =initializeGround=: Ground
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeGround.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [ground] = initializeGround(args)
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'none', 'rigid'})} = 'rigid'
args.rot_point (3,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(3,1) % Rotation point for the ground motion [m]
end
#+end_src
**** Structure initialization
First, we initialize the =granite= structure.
#+begin_src matlab
ground = struct();
#+end_src
**** Add Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case 'none'
ground.type = 0;
case 'rigid'
ground.type = 1;
end
#+end_src
**** Ground Solid properties
We set the shape and density of the ground solid element.
#+begin_src matlab
ground.shape = [2, 2, 0.5]; % [m]
ground.density = 2800; % [kg/m3]
#+end_src
**** Rotation Point
#+begin_src matlab
ground.rot_point = args.rot_point;
#+end_src
**** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ground', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ground');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ground', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ground');
end
end
#+end_src
*** =initializeGranite=: Granite
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeGranite.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [granite] = initializeGranite(args)
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'rigid', 'flexible', 'none'})} = 'flexible'
args.density (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 2800 % Density [kg/m3]
args.K (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = [5e9; 5e9; 5e9; 2.5e7; 2.5e7; 1e7] % [N/m]
args.C (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = [4.0e5; 1.1e5; 9.0e5; 2e4; 2e4; 1e4] % [N/(m/s)]
args.x0 (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0 % Rest position of the Joint in the X direction [m]
args.y0 (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0 % Rest position of the Joint in the Y direction [m]
args.z0 (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0 % Rest position of the Joint in the Z direction [m]
args.sample_pos (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0.8 % Height of the measurment point [m]
end
#+end_src
**** Structure initialization
First, we initialize the =granite= structure.
#+begin_src matlab
granite = struct();
#+end_src
**** Add Granite Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case 'none'
granite.type = 0;
case 'rigid'
granite.type = 1;
case 'flexible'
granite.type = 2;
end
#+end_src
**** Material and Geometry
Properties of the Material and link to the geometry of the granite.
#+begin_src matlab
granite.density = args.density; % [kg/m3]
granite.STEP = 'granite.STEP';
#+end_src
Z-offset for the initial position of the sample with respect to the granite top surface.
#+begin_src matlab
granite.sample_pos = args.sample_pos; % [m]
#+end_src
**** Stiffness and Damping properties
#+begin_src matlab
granite.K = args.K; % [N/m]
granite.C = args.C; % [N/(m/s)]
#+end_src
**** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'granite', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'granite');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'granite', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'granite');
end
end
#+end_src
*** =initializeTy=: Translation Stage
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeTy.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [ty] = initializeTy(args)
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'none', 'rigid', 'flexible'})} = 'flexible'
end
#+end_src
**** Structure initialization
First, we initialize the =ty= structure.
#+begin_src matlab
ty = struct();
#+end_src
**** Add Translation Stage Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case 'none'
ty.type = 0;
case 'rigid'
ty.type = 1;
case 'flexible'
ty.type = 2;
end
#+end_src
**** Material and Geometry
Define the density of the materials as well as the geometry (STEP files).
#+begin_src matlab
% Ty Granite frame
ty.granite_frame.density = 7800; % [kg/m3] => 43kg
ty.granite_frame.STEP = 'Ty_Granite_Frame.STEP';
% Guide Translation Ty
ty.guide.density = 7800; % [kg/m3] => 76kg
ty.guide.STEP = 'Ty_Guide.STEP';
% Ty - Guide_Translation12
ty.guide12.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
ty.guide12.STEP = 'Ty_Guide_12.STEP';
% Ty - Guide_Translation11
ty.guide11.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
ty.guide11.STEP = 'Ty_Guide_11.STEP';
% Ty - Guide_Translation22
ty.guide22.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
ty.guide22.STEP = 'Ty_Guide_22.STEP';
% Ty - Guide_Translation21
ty.guide21.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
ty.guide21.STEP = 'Ty_Guide_21.STEP';
% Ty - Plateau translation
ty.frame.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
ty.frame.STEP = 'Ty_Stage.STEP';
% Ty Stator Part
ty.stator.density = 5400; % [kg/m3]
ty.stator.STEP = 'Ty_Motor_Stator.STEP';
% Ty Rotor Part
ty.rotor.density = 5400; % [kg/m3]
ty.rotor.STEP = 'Ty_Motor_Rotor.STEP';
#+end_src
**** Stiffness and Damping properties
#+begin_src matlab
ty.K = [2e8; 1e8; 2e8; 6e7; 9e7; 6e7]; % [N/m, N*m/rad]
ty.C = [8e4; 5e4; 8e4; 2e4; 3e4; 1e4]; % [N/(m/s), N*m/(rad/s)]
#+end_src
**** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ty', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ty');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ty', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ty');
end
end
#+end_src
*** =initializeRy=: Tilt Stage
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeRy.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [ry] = initializeRy(args)
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'none', 'rigid', 'flexible'})} = 'flexible'
args.Ry_init (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0
end
#+end_src
**** Structure initialization
First, we initialize the =ry= structure.
#+begin_src matlab
ry = struct();
#+end_src
**** Add Tilt Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case 'none'
ry.type = 0;
case 'rigid'
ry.type = 1;
case 'flexible'
ry.type = 2;
end
#+end_src
**** Material and Geometry
Properties of the Material and link to the geometry of the Tilt stage.
#+begin_src matlab
% Ry - Guide for the tilt stage
ry.guide.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
ry.guide.STEP = 'Tilt_Guide.STEP';
% Ry - Rotor of the motor
ry.rotor.density = 2400; % [kg/m3]
ry.rotor.STEP = 'Tilt_Motor_Axis.STEP';
% Ry - Motor
ry.motor.density = 3200; % [kg/m3]
ry.motor.STEP = 'Tilt_Motor.STEP';
% Ry - Plateau Tilt
ry.stage.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
ry.stage.STEP = 'Tilt_Stage.STEP';
#+end_src
Z-Offset so that the center of rotation matches the sample center;
#+begin_src matlab
ry.z_offset = 0.58178; % [m]
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
ry.Ry_init = args.Ry_init; % [rad]
#+end_src
**** Stiffness and Damping properties
#+begin_src matlab
ry.K = [3.8e8; 4e8; 3.8e8; 1.2e8; 6e4; 1.2e8];
ry.C = [1e5; 1e5; 1e5; 3e4; 1e3; 3e4];
#+end_src
**** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ry', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ry');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ry', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'ry');
end
end
#+end_src
*** =initializeRz=: Spindle
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeRz.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [rz] = initializeRz(args)
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'none', 'rigid', 'flexible'})} = 'flexible'
end
#+end_src
**** Structure initialization
First, we initialize the =rz= structure.
#+begin_src matlab
rz = struct();
#+end_src
**** Add Spindle Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case 'none'
rz.type = 0;
case 'rigid'
rz.type = 1;
case 'flexible'
rz.type = 2;
end
#+end_src
**** Material and Geometry
Properties of the Material and link to the geometry of the spindle.
#+begin_src matlab
% Spindle - Slip Ring
rz.slipring.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
rz.slipring.STEP = 'Spindle_Slip_Ring.STEP';
% Spindle - Rotor
rz.rotor.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
rz.rotor.STEP = 'Spindle_Rotor.STEP';
% Spindle - Stator
rz.stator.density = 7800; % [kg/m3]
rz.stator.STEP = 'Spindle_Stator.STEP';
#+end_src
**** Stiffness and Damping properties
#+begin_src matlab
rz.K = [7e8; 7e8; 2e9; 1e7; 1e7; 1e7];
rz.C = [4e4; 4e4; 7e4; 1e4; 1e4; 1e4];
#+end_src
**** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'rz', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'rz');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'rz', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'rz');
end
end
#+end_src
*** =initializeMicroHexapod=: Micro Hexapod
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeMicroHexapod.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [micro_hexapod] = initializeMicroHexapod(args)
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'none', 'rigid', 'flexible'})} = 'flexible'
% initializeFramesPositions
args.H (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 350e-3
args.MO_B (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 270e-3
% generateGeneralConfiguration
args.FH (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 50e-3
args.FR (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 175.5e-3
args.FTh (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = [-10, 10, 120-10, 120+10, 240-10, 240+10]*(pi/180)
args.MH (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 45e-3
args.MR (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 118e-3
args.MTh (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = [-60+10, 60-10, 60+10, 180-10, 180+10, -60-10]*(pi/180)
% initializeStrutDynamics
args.Ki (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 2e7*ones(6,1)
args.Ci (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1.4e3*ones(6,1)
% initializeCylindricalPlatforms
args.Fpm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 10
args.Fph (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 26e-3
args.Fpr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 207.5e-3
args.Mpm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 10
args.Mph (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 26e-3
args.Mpr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 150e-3
% initializeCylindricalStruts
args.Fsm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
args.Fsh (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 100e-3
args.Fsr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 25e-3
args.Msm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
args.Msh (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 100e-3
args.Msr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 25e-3
% inverseKinematics
args.AP (3,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(3,1)
args.ARB (3,3) double {mustBeNumeric} = eye(3)
end
#+end_src
**** Function content
#+begin_src matlab
stewart = initializeStewartPlatform();
stewart = initializeFramesPositions(stewart, ...
'H', args.H, ...
'MO_B', args.MO_B);
stewart = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart, ...
'FH', args.FH, ...
'FR', args.FR, ...
'FTh', args.FTh, ...
'MH', args.MH, ...
'MR', args.MR, ...
'MTh', args.MTh);
stewart = computeJointsPose(stewart);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
stewart = initializeStrutDynamics(stewart, ...
'K', args.Ki, ...
'C', args.Ci);
stewart = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, ...
'type_F', 'universal_p', ...
'type_M', 'spherical_p');
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
stewart = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart, ...
'Fpm', args.Fpm, ...
'Fph', args.Fph, ...
'Fpr', args.Fpr, ...
'Mpm', args.Mpm, ...
'Mph', args.Mph, ...
'Mpr', args.Mpr);
stewart = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart, ...
'Fsm', args.Fsm, ...
'Fsh', args.Fsh, ...
'Fsr', args.Fsr, ...
'Msm', args.Msm, ...
'Msh', args.Msh, ...
'Msr', args.Msr);
stewart = computeJacobian(stewart);
stewart = initializeStewartPose(stewart, ...
'AP', args.AP, ...
'ARB', args.ARB);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
stewart = initializeInertialSensor(stewart, 'type', 'none');
#+end_src
**** Add Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type
case 'none'
stewart.type = 0;
case 'rigid'
stewart.type = 1;
case 'flexible'
stewart.type = 2;
end
#+end_src
**** Save the Structure
#+begin_src matlab
micro_hexapod = stewart;
if exist('./mat', 'dir')
if exist('./mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'micro_hexapod', '-append');
else
save('mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'micro_hexapod');
end
elseif exist('./matlab', 'dir')
if exist('./matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'file')
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'micro_hexapod', '-append');
else
save('matlab/mat/nass_model_stages.mat', 'micro_hexapod');
end
end
#+end_src
** Stewart platform
*** =initializeStewartPlatform=: Initialize the Stewart Platform structure
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeStewartPlatform.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Documentation
#+name: fig:stewart-frames-position
#+caption: Definition of the position of the frames
[[file:figs/stewart-frames-position.png]]
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeStewartPlatform()
% initializeStewartPlatform - Initialize the stewart structure
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeStewartPlatform(args)
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - A structure with the following sub-structures:
% - platform_F -
% - platform_M -
% - joints_F -
% - joints_M -
% - struts_F -
% - struts_M -
% - actuators -
% - geometry -
% - properties -
#+end_src
**** Initialize the Stewart structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart = struct();
stewart.platform_F = struct();
stewart.platform_M = struct();
stewart.joints_F = struct();
stewart.joints_M = struct();
stewart.struts_F = struct();
stewart.struts_M = struct();
stewart.actuators = struct();
stewart.sensors = struct();
stewart.sensors.inertial = struct();
stewart.sensors.force = struct();
stewart.sensors.relative = struct();
stewart.geometry = struct();
stewart.kinematics = struct();
#+end_src
*** =initializeFramesPositions=: Initialize the positions of frames {A}, {B}, {F} and {M}
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeFramesPositions.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Documentation
#+name: fig:stewart-frames-position
#+caption: Definition of the position of the frames
[[file:figs/stewart-frames-position.png]]
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeFramesPositions(stewart, args)
% initializeFramesPositions - Initialize the positions of frames {A}, {B}, {F} and {M}
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeFramesPositions(stewart, args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args - Can have the following fields:
% - H [1x1] - Total Height of the Stewart Platform (height from {F} to {M}) [m]
% - MO_B [1x1] - Height of the frame {B} with respect to {M} [m]
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - A structure with the following fields:
% - geometry.H [1x1] - Total Height of the Stewart Platform [m]
% - geometry.FO_M [3x1] - Position of {M} with respect to {F} [m]
% - platform_M.MO_B [3x1] - Position of {B} with respect to {M} [m]
% - platform_F.FO_A [3x1] - Position of {A} with respect to {F} [m]
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.H (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 90e-3
args.MO_B (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 50e-3
end
#+end_src
**** Compute the position of each frame
#+begin_src matlab
H = args.H; % Total Height of the Stewart Platform [m]
FO_M = [0; 0; H]; % Position of {M} with respect to {F} [m]
MO_B = [0; 0; args.MO_B]; % Position of {B} with respect to {M} [m]
FO_A = MO_B + FO_M; % Position of {A} with respect to {F} [m]
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.geometry.H = H;
stewart.geometry.FO_M = FO_M;
stewart.platform_M.MO_B = MO_B;
stewart.platform_F.FO_A = FO_A;
#+end_src
*** =generateGeneralConfiguration=: Generate a Very General Configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/generateGeneralConfiguration.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Documentation
#+begin_src latex :file stewart_bottom_plate.pdf :tangle no
\begin{tikzpicture}
% Internal and external limit
\draw[fill=white!80!black] (0, 0) circle [radius=3];
% Circle where the joints are located
\draw[dashed] (0, 0) circle [radius=2.5];
% Bullets for the positions of the joints
\node[] (J1) at ( 80:2.5){$\bullet$};
\node[] (J2) at (100:2.5){$\bullet$};
\node[] (J3) at (200:2.5){$\bullet$};
\node[] (J4) at (220:2.5){$\bullet$};
\node[] (J5) at (320:2.5){$\bullet$};
\node[] (J6) at (340:2.5){$\bullet$};
% Name of the points
\node[above right] at (J1) {$a_{1}$};
\node[above left] at (J2) {$a_{2}$};
\node[above left] at (J3) {$a_{3}$};
\node[right ] at (J4) {$a_{4}$};
\node[left ] at (J5) {$a_{5}$};
\node[above right] at (J6) {$a_{6}$};
% First 2 angles
\draw[dashed, ->] (0:1) arc [start angle=0, end angle=80, radius=1] node[below right]{$\theta_{1}$};
\draw[dashed, ->] (0:1.5) arc [start angle=0, end angle=100, radius=1.5] node[left ]{$\theta_{2}$};
% Division of 360 degrees by 3
\draw[dashed] (0, 0) -- ( 80:3.2);
\draw[dashed] (0, 0) -- (100:3.2);
\draw[dashed] (0, 0) -- (200:3.2);
\draw[dashed] (0, 0) -- (220:3.2);
\draw[dashed] (0, 0) -- (320:3.2);
\draw[dashed] (0, 0) -- (340:3.2);
% Radius for the position of the joints
\draw[<->] (0, 0) --node[near end, above]{$R$} (180:2.5);
\draw[->] (0, 0) -- ++(3.4, 0) node[above]{$x$};
\draw[->] (0, 0) -- ++(0, 3.4) node[left]{$y$};
\end{tikzpicture}
#+end_src
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart, args)
% generateGeneralConfiguration - Generate a Very General Configuration
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = generateGeneralConfiguration(stewart, args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args - Can have the following fields:
% - FH [1x1] - Height of the position of the fixed joints with respect to the frame {F} [m]
% - FR [1x1] - Radius of the position of the fixed joints in the X-Y [m]
% - FTh [6x1] - Angles of the fixed joints in the X-Y plane with respect to the X axis [rad]
% - MH [1x1] - Height of the position of the mobile joints with respect to the frame {M} [m]
% - FR [1x1] - Radius of the position of the mobile joints in the X-Y [m]
% - MTh [6x1] - Angles of the mobile joints in the X-Y plane with respect to the X axis [rad]
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - updated Stewart structure with the added fields:
% - platform_F.Fa [3x6] - Its i'th column is the position vector of joint ai with respect to {F}
% - platform_M.Mb [3x6] - Its i'th column is the position vector of joint bi with respect to {M}
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.FH (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 15e-3
args.FR (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 115e-3;
args.FTh (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = [-10, 10, 120-10, 120+10, 240-10, 240+10]*(pi/180);
args.MH (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 15e-3
args.MR (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 90e-3;
args.MTh (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = [-60+10, 60-10, 60+10, 180-10, 180+10, -60-10]*(pi/180);
end
#+end_src
**** Compute the pose
#+begin_src matlab
Fa = zeros(3,6);
Mb = zeros(3,6);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
for i = 1:6
Fa(:,i) = [args.FR*cos(args.FTh(i)); args.FR*sin(args.FTh(i)); args.FH];
Mb(:,i) = [args.MR*cos(args.MTh(i)); args.MR*sin(args.MTh(i)); -args.MH];
end
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.platform_F.Fa = Fa;
stewart.platform_M.Mb = Mb;
#+end_src
*** =computeJointsPose=: Compute the Pose of the Joints
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/computeJointsPose.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Documentation
#+name: fig:stewart-struts
#+caption: Position and orientation of the struts
[[file:figs/stewart-struts.png]]
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = computeJointsPose(stewart)
% computeJointsPose -
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = computeJointsPose(stewart)
%
% Inputs:
% - stewart - A structure with the following fields
% - platform_F.Fa [3x6] - Its i'th column is the position vector of joint ai with respect to {F}
% - platform_M.Mb [3x6] - Its i'th column is the position vector of joint bi with respect to {M}
% - platform_F.FO_A [3x1] - Position of {A} with respect to {F}
% - platform_M.MO_B [3x1] - Position of {B} with respect to {M}
% - geometry.FO_M [3x1] - Position of {M} with respect to {F}
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - A structure with the following added fields
% - geometry.Aa [3x6] - The i'th column is the position of ai with respect to {A}
% - geometry.Ab [3x6] - The i'th column is the position of bi with respect to {A}
% - geometry.Ba [3x6] - The i'th column is the position of ai with respect to {B}
% - geometry.Bb [3x6] - The i'th column is the position of bi with respect to {B}
% - geometry.l [6x1] - The i'th element is the initial length of strut i
% - geometry.As [3x6] - The i'th column is the unit vector of strut i expressed in {A}
% - geometry.Bs [3x6] - The i'th column is the unit vector of strut i expressed in {B}
% - struts_F.l [6x1] - Length of the Fixed part of the i'th strut
% - struts_M.l [6x1] - Length of the Mobile part of the i'th strut
% - platform_F.FRa [3x3x6] - The i'th 3x3 array is the rotation matrix to orientate the bottom of the i'th strut from {F}
% - platform_M.MRb [3x3x6] - The i'th 3x3 array is the rotation matrix to orientate the top of the i'th strut from {M}
#+end_src
**** Check the =stewart= structure elements
#+begin_src matlab
assert(isfield(stewart.platform_F, 'Fa'), 'stewart.platform_F should have attribute Fa')
Fa = stewart.platform_F.Fa;
assert(isfield(stewart.platform_M, 'Mb'), 'stewart.platform_M should have attribute Mb')
Mb = stewart.platform_M.Mb;
assert(isfield(stewart.platform_F, 'FO_A'), 'stewart.platform_F should have attribute FO_A')
FO_A = stewart.platform_F.FO_A;
assert(isfield(stewart.platform_M, 'MO_B'), 'stewart.platform_M should have attribute MO_B')
MO_B = stewart.platform_M.MO_B;
assert(isfield(stewart.geometry, 'FO_M'), 'stewart.geometry should have attribute FO_M')
FO_M = stewart.geometry.FO_M;
#+end_src
**** Compute the position of the Joints
#+begin_src matlab
Aa = Fa - repmat(FO_A, [1, 6]);
Bb = Mb - repmat(MO_B, [1, 6]);
Ab = Bb - repmat(-MO_B-FO_M+FO_A, [1, 6]);
Ba = Aa - repmat( MO_B+FO_M-FO_A, [1, 6]);
#+end_src
**** Compute the strut length and orientation
#+begin_src matlab
As = (Ab - Aa)./vecnorm(Ab - Aa); % As_i is the i'th vector of As
l = vecnorm(Ab - Aa)';
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
Bs = (Bb - Ba)./vecnorm(Bb - Ba);
#+end_src
**** Compute the orientation of the Joints
#+begin_src matlab
FRa = zeros(3,3,6);
MRb = zeros(3,3,6);
for i = 1:6
FRa(:,:,i) = [cross([0;1;0], As(:,i)) , cross(As(:,i), cross([0;1;0], As(:,i))) , As(:,i)];
FRa(:,:,i) = FRa(:,:,i)./vecnorm(FRa(:,:,i));
MRb(:,:,i) = [cross([0;1;0], Bs(:,i)) , cross(Bs(:,i), cross([0;1;0], Bs(:,i))) , Bs(:,i)];
MRb(:,:,i) = MRb(:,:,i)./vecnorm(MRb(:,:,i));
end
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.geometry.Aa = Aa;
stewart.geometry.Ab = Ab;
stewart.geometry.Ba = Ba;
stewart.geometry.Bb = Bb;
stewart.geometry.As = As;
stewart.geometry.Bs = Bs;
stewart.geometry.l = l;
stewart.struts_F.l = l/2;
stewart.struts_M.l = l/2;
stewart.platform_F.FRa = FRa;
stewart.platform_M.MRb = MRb;
#+end_src
*** =initializeCylindricalPlatforms=: Initialize the geometry of the Fixed and Mobile Platforms
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeCylindricalPlatforms.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(stewart, args)
% initializeCylindricalPlatforms - Initialize the geometry of the Fixed and Mobile Platforms
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeCylindricalPlatforms(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args - Structure with the following fields:
% - Fpm [1x1] - Fixed Platform Mass [kg]
% - Fph [1x1] - Fixed Platform Height [m]
% - Fpr [1x1] - Fixed Platform Radius [m]
% - Mpm [1x1] - Mobile Platform Mass [kg]
% - Mph [1x1] - Mobile Platform Height [m]
% - Mpr [1x1] - Mobile Platform Radius [m]
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - updated Stewart structure with the added fields:
% - platform_F [struct] - structure with the following fields:
% - type = 1
% - M [1x1] - Fixed Platform Mass [kg]
% - I [3x3] - Fixed Platform Inertia matrix [kg*m^2]
% - H [1x1] - Fixed Platform Height [m]
% - R [1x1] - Fixed Platform Radius [m]
% - platform_M [struct] - structure with the following fields:
% - M [1x1] - Mobile Platform Mass [kg]
% - I [3x3] - Mobile Platform Inertia matrix [kg*m^2]
% - H [1x1] - Mobile Platform Height [m]
% - R [1x1] - Mobile Platform Radius [m]
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.Fpm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
args.Fph (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 10e-3
args.Fpr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 125e-3
args.Mpm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 1
args.Mph (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 10e-3
args.Mpr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 100e-3
end
#+end_src
**** Compute the Inertia matrices of platforms
#+begin_src matlab
I_F = diag([1/12*args.Fpm * (3*args.Fpr^2 + args.Fph^2), ...
1/12*args.Fpm * (3*args.Fpr^2 + args.Fph^2), ...
1/2 *args.Fpm * args.Fpr^2]);
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
I_M = diag([1/12*args.Mpm * (3*args.Mpr^2 + args.Mph^2), ...
1/12*args.Mpm * (3*args.Mpr^2 + args.Mph^2), ...
1/2 *args.Mpm * args.Mpr^2]);
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.platform_F.type = 1;
stewart.platform_F.I = I_F;
stewart.platform_F.M = args.Fpm;
stewart.platform_F.R = args.Fpr;
stewart.platform_F.H = args.Fph;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.platform_M.type = 1;
stewart.platform_M.I = I_M;
stewart.platform_M.M = args.Mpm;
stewart.platform_M.R = args.Mpr;
stewart.platform_M.H = args.Mph;
#+end_src
*** =initializeCylindricalStruts=: Define the inertia of cylindrical struts
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeCylindricalStruts.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeCylindricalStruts(stewart, args)
% initializeCylindricalStruts - Define the mass and moment of inertia of cylindrical struts
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeCylindricalStruts(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args - Structure with the following fields:
% - Fsm [1x1] - Mass of the Fixed part of the struts [kg]
% - Fsh [1x1] - Height of cylinder for the Fixed part of the struts [m]
% - Fsr [1x1] - Radius of cylinder for the Fixed part of the struts [m]
% - Msm [1x1] - Mass of the Mobile part of the struts [kg]
% - Msh [1x1] - Height of cylinder for the Mobile part of the struts [m]
% - Msr [1x1] - Radius of cylinder for the Mobile part of the struts [m]
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - updated Stewart structure with the added fields:
% - struts_F [struct] - structure with the following fields:
% - M [6x1] - Mass of the Fixed part of the struts [kg]
% - I [3x3x6] - Moment of Inertia for the Fixed part of the struts [kg*m^2]
% - H [6x1] - Height of cylinder for the Fixed part of the struts [m]
% - R [6x1] - Radius of cylinder for the Fixed part of the struts [m]
% - struts_M [struct] - structure with the following fields:
% - M [6x1] - Mass of the Mobile part of the struts [kg]
% - I [3x3x6] - Moment of Inertia for the Mobile part of the struts [kg*m^2]
% - H [6x1] - Height of cylinder for the Mobile part of the struts [m]
% - R [6x1] - Radius of cylinder for the Mobile part of the struts [m]
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.Fsm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 0.1
args.Fsh (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 50e-3
args.Fsr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 5e-3
args.Msm (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 0.1
args.Msh (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 50e-3
args.Msr (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBePositive} = 5e-3
end
#+end_src
**** Compute the properties of the cylindrical struts
#+begin_src matlab
Fsm = ones(6,1).*args.Fsm;
Fsh = ones(6,1).*args.Fsh;
Fsr = ones(6,1).*args.Fsr;
Msm = ones(6,1).*args.Msm;
Msh = ones(6,1).*args.Msh;
Msr = ones(6,1).*args.Msr;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
I_F = zeros(3, 3, 6); % Inertia of the "fixed" part of the strut
I_M = zeros(3, 3, 6); % Inertia of the "mobile" part of the strut
for i = 1:6
I_F(:,:,i) = diag([1/12 * Fsm(i) * (3*Fsr(i)^2 + Fsh(i)^2), ...
1/12 * Fsm(i) * (3*Fsr(i)^2 + Fsh(i)^2), ...
1/2 * Fsm(i) * Fsr(i)^2]);
I_M(:,:,i) = diag([1/12 * Msm(i) * (3*Msr(i)^2 + Msh(i)^2), ...
1/12 * Msm(i) * (3*Msr(i)^2 + Msh(i)^2), ...
1/2 * Msm(i) * Msr(i)^2]);
end
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.struts_M.type = 1;
stewart.struts_M.I = I_M;
stewart.struts_M.M = Msm;
stewart.struts_M.R = Msr;
stewart.struts_M.H = Msh;
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.struts_F.type = 1;
stewart.struts_F.I = I_F;
stewart.struts_F.M = Fsm;
stewart.struts_F.R = Fsr;
stewart.struts_F.H = Fsh;
#+end_src
*** =initializeStrutDynamics=: Add Stiffness and Damping properties of each strut
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeStrutDynamics.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Documentation
#+name: fig:piezoelectric_stack
#+attr_html: :width 500px
#+caption: Example of a piezoelectric stach actuator (PI)
[[file:figs/piezoelectric_stack.jpg]]
A simplistic model of such amplified actuator is shown in Figure ref:fig:actuator_model_simple where:
- $K$ represent the vertical stiffness of the actuator
- $C$ represent the vertical damping of the actuator
- $F$ represents the force applied by the actuator
- $F_{m}$ represents the total measured force
- $v_{m}$ represents the absolute velocity of the top part of the actuator
- $d_{m}$ represents the total relative displacement of the actuator
#+begin_src latex :file actuator_model_simple.pdf :tangle no
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (-1, 0) -- (1, 0);
% Spring, Damper, and Actuator
\draw[spring] (-1, 0) -- (-1, 1.5) node[midway, left=0.1]{$K$};
\draw[damper] ( 0, 0) -- ( 0, 1.5) node[midway, left=0.2]{$C$};
\draw[actuator] ( 1, 0) -- ( 1, 1.5) node[midway, left=0.1](F){$F$};
\node[forcesensor={2}{0.2}] (fsens) at (0, 1.5){};
\node[left] at (fsens.west) {$F_{m}$};
\draw[dashed] (1, 0) -- ++(0.4, 0);
\draw[dashed] (1, 1.7) -- ++(0.4, 0);
\draw[->] (0, 1.7)node[]{$\bullet$} -- ++(0, 0.5) node[right]{$v_{m}$};
\draw[<->] (1.4, 0) -- ++(0, 1.7) node[midway, right]{$d_{m}$};
\end{tikzpicture}
#+end_src
#+name: fig:actuator_model_simple
#+caption: Simple model of an Actuator
#+RESULTS:
[[file:figs/actuator_model_simple.png]]
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeStrutDynamics(stewart, args)
% initializeStrutDynamics - Add Stiffness and Damping properties of each strut
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeStrutDynamics(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args - Structure with the following fields:
% - K [6x1] - Stiffness of each strut [N/m]
% - C [6x1] - Damping of each strut [N/(m/s)]
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - updated Stewart structure with the added fields:
% - actuators.type = 1
% - actuators.K [6x1] - Stiffness of each strut [N/m]
% - actuators.C [6x1] - Damping of each strut [N/(m/s)]
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'classical', 'amplified'})} = 'classical'
args.K (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 20e6*ones(6,1)
args.C (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 2e1*ones(6,1)
args.k1 (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 1e6*ones(6,1)
args.ke (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 5e6*ones(6,1)
args.ka (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 60e6*ones(6,1)
args.c1 (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 10*ones(6,1)
args.F_gain (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 1*ones(6,1)
args.me (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0.01*ones(6,1)
args.ma (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = 0.01*ones(6,1)
end
#+end_src
**** Add Stiffness and Damping properties of each strut
#+begin_src matlab
if strcmp(args.type, 'classical')
stewart.actuators.type = 1;
elseif strcmp(args.type, 'amplified')
stewart.actuators.type = 2;
end
stewart.actuators.K = args.K;
stewart.actuators.C = args.C;
stewart.actuators.k1 = args.k1;
stewart.actuators.c1 = args.c1;
stewart.actuators.ka = args.ka;
stewart.actuators.ke = args.ke;
stewart.actuators.F_gain = args.F_gain;
stewart.actuators.ma = args.ma;
stewart.actuators.me = args.me;
#+end_src
*** =initializeJointDynamics=: Add Stiffness and Damping properties for spherical joints
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeJointDynamics.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeJointDynamics(stewart, args)
% initializeJointDynamics - Add Stiffness and Damping properties for the spherical joints
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeJointDynamics(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args - Structure with the following fields:
% - type_F - 'universal', 'spherical', 'universal_p', 'spherical_p'
% - type_M - 'universal', 'spherical', 'universal_p', 'spherical_p'
% - Kf_M [6x1] - Bending (Rx, Ry) Stiffness for each top joints [(N.m)/rad]
% - Kt_M [6x1] - Torsion (Rz) Stiffness for each top joints [(N.m)/rad]
% - Cf_M [6x1] - Bending (Rx, Ry) Damping of each top joint [(N.m)/(rad/s)]
% - Ct_M [6x1] - Torsion (Rz) Damping of each top joint [(N.m)/(rad/s)]
% - Kf_F [6x1] - Bending (Rx, Ry) Stiffness for each bottom joints [(N.m)/rad]
% - Kt_F [6x1] - Torsion (Rz) Stiffness for each bottom joints [(N.m)/rad]
% - Cf_F [6x1] - Bending (Rx, Ry) Damping of each bottom joint [(N.m)/(rad/s)]
% - Cf_F [6x1] - Torsion (Rz) Damping of each bottom joint [(N.m)/(rad/s)]
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - updated Stewart structure with the added fields:
% - stewart.joints_F and stewart.joints_M:
% - type - 1 (universal), 2 (spherical), 3 (universal perfect), 4 (spherical perfect)
% - Kx, Ky, Kz [6x1] - Translation (Tx, Ty, Tz) Stiffness [N/m]
% - Kf [6x1] - Flexion (Rx, Ry) Stiffness [(N.m)/rad]
% - Kt [6x1] - Torsion (Rz) Stiffness [(N.m)/rad]
% - Cx, Cy, Cz [6x1] - Translation (Rx, Ry) Damping [N/(m/s)]
% - Cf [6x1] - Flexion (Rx, Ry) Damping [(N.m)/(rad/s)]
% - Cb [6x1] - Torsion (Rz) Damping [(N.m)/(rad/s)]
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.type_F char {mustBeMember(args.type_F,{'universal', 'spherical', 'universal_p', 'spherical_p', 'universal_3dof', 'spherical_3dof', 'flexible'})} = 'universal'
args.type_M char {mustBeMember(args.type_M,{'universal', 'spherical', 'universal_p', 'spherical_p', 'universal_3dof', 'spherical_3dof', 'flexible'})} = 'spherical'
args.Kf_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 33*ones(6,1)
args.Cf_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e-4*ones(6,1)
args.Kt_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 236*ones(6,1)
args.Ct_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e-3*ones(6,1)
args.Kf_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 33*ones(6,1)
args.Cf_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e-4*ones(6,1)
args.Kt_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 236*ones(6,1)
args.Ct_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e-3*ones(6,1)
args.Ka_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1.2e8*ones(6,1)
args.Ca_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e1*ones(6,1)
args.Kr_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1.1e7*ones(6,1)
args.Cr_F (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e1*ones(6,1)
args.Ka_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1.2e8*ones(6,1)
args.Ca_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e1*ones(6,1)
args.Kr_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1.1e7*ones(6,1)
args.Cr_M (6,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e1*ones(6,1)
args.K_M double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(6,6)
args.M_M double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(6,6)
args.n_xyz_M double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(2,3)
args.xi_M double {mustBeNumeric} = 0.1
args.step_file_M char {} = ''
args.K_F double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(6,6)
args.M_F double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(6,6)
args.n_xyz_F double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(2,3)
args.xi_F double {mustBeNumeric} = 0.1
args.step_file_F char {} = ''
end
#+end_src
**** Add Actuator Type
#+begin_src matlab
switch args.type_F
case 'universal'
stewart.joints_F.type = 1;
case 'spherical'
stewart.joints_F.type = 2;
case 'universal_p'
stewart.joints_F.type = 3;
case 'spherical_p'
stewart.joints_F.type = 4;
case 'flexible'
stewart.joints_F.type = 5;
case 'universal_3dof'
stewart.joints_F.type = 6;
case 'spherical_3dof'
stewart.joints_F.type = 7;
end
switch args.type_M
case 'universal'
stewart.joints_M.type = 1;
case 'spherical'
stewart.joints_M.type = 2;
case 'universal_p'
stewart.joints_M.type = 3;
case 'spherical_p'
stewart.joints_M.type = 4;
case 'flexible'
stewart.joints_M.type = 5;
case 'universal_3dof'
stewart.joints_M.type = 6;
case 'spherical_3dof'
stewart.joints_M.type = 7;
end
#+end_src
**** Add Stiffness and Damping in Translation of each strut
Axial and Radial (shear) Stiffness
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.joints_M.Ka = args.Ka_M;
stewart.joints_M.Kr = args.Kr_M;
stewart.joints_F.Ka = args.Ka_F;
stewart.joints_F.Kr = args.Kr_F;
#+end_src
Translation Damping
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.joints_M.Ca = args.Ca_M;
stewart.joints_M.Cr = args.Cr_M;
stewart.joints_F.Ca = args.Ca_F;
stewart.joints_F.Cr = args.Cr_F;
#+end_src
**** Add Stiffness and Damping in Rotation of each strut
Rotational Stiffness
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.joints_M.Kf = args.Kf_M;
stewart.joints_M.Kt = args.Kt_M;
stewart.joints_F.Kf = args.Kf_F;
stewart.joints_F.Kt = args.Kt_F;
#+end_src
Rotational Damping
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.joints_M.Cf = args.Cf_M;
stewart.joints_M.Ct = args.Ct_M;
stewart.joints_F.Cf = args.Cf_F;
stewart.joints_F.Ct = args.Ct_F;
#+end_src
**** Stiffness and Mass matrices for flexible joint
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.joints_F.M = args.M_F;
stewart.joints_F.K = args.K_F;
stewart.joints_F.n_xyz = args.n_xyz_F;
stewart.joints_F.xi = args.xi_F;
stewart.joints_F.xi = args.xi_F;
stewart.joints_F.step_file = args.step_file_F;
stewart.joints_M.M = args.M_M;
stewart.joints_M.K = args.K_M;
stewart.joints_M.n_xyz = args.n_xyz_M;
stewart.joints_M.xi = args.xi_M;
stewart.joints_M.step_file = args.step_file_M;
#+end_src
*** =initializeStewartPose=: Determine the initial stroke in each leg to have the wanted pose
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeStewartPose.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeStewartPose(stewart, args)
% initializeStewartPose - Determine the initial stroke in each leg to have the wanted pose
% It uses the inverse kinematic
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeStewartPose(stewart, args)
%
% Inputs:
% - stewart - A structure with the following fields
% - Aa [3x6] - The positions ai expressed in {A}
% - Bb [3x6] - The positions bi expressed in {B}
% - args - Can have the following fields:
% - AP [3x1] - The wanted position of {B} with respect to {A}
% - ARB [3x3] - The rotation matrix that gives the wanted orientation of {B} with respect to {A}
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - updated Stewart structure with the added fields:
% - actuators.Leq [6x1] - The 6 needed displacement of the struts from the initial position in [m] to have the wanted pose of {B} w.r.t. {A}
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.AP (3,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(3,1)
args.ARB (3,3) double {mustBeNumeric} = eye(3)
end
#+end_src
**** Use the Inverse Kinematic function
#+begin_src matlab
[Li, dLi] = inverseKinematics(stewart, 'AP', args.AP, 'ARB', args.ARB);
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.actuators.Leq = dLi;
#+end_src
*** =computeJacobian=: Compute the Jacobian Matrix
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/computeJacobian.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = computeJacobian(stewart)
% computeJacobian -
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = computeJacobian(stewart)
%
% Inputs:
% - stewart - With at least the following fields:
% - geometry.As [3x6] - The 6 unit vectors for each strut expressed in {A}
% - geometry.Ab [3x6] - The 6 position of the joints bi expressed in {A}
% - actuators.K [6x1] - Total stiffness of the actuators
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - With the 3 added field:
% - kinematics.J [6x6] - The Jacobian Matrix
% - kinematics.K [6x6] - The Stiffness Matrix
% - kinematics.C [6x6] - The Compliance Matrix
#+end_src
**** Check the =stewart= structure elements
#+begin_src matlab
assert(isfield(stewart.geometry, 'As'), 'stewart.geometry should have attribute As')
As = stewart.geometry.As;
assert(isfield(stewart.geometry, 'Ab'), 'stewart.geometry should have attribute Ab')
Ab = stewart.geometry.Ab;
assert(isfield(stewart.actuators, 'K'), 'stewart.actuators should have attribute K')
Ki = stewart.actuators.K;
#+end_src
**** Compute Jacobian Matrix
#+begin_src matlab
J = [As' , cross(Ab, As)'];
#+end_src
**** Compute Stiffness Matrix
#+begin_src matlab
K = J'*diag(Ki)*J;
#+end_src
**** Compute Compliance Matrix
#+begin_src matlab
C = inv(K);
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.kinematics.J = J;
stewart.kinematics.K = K;
stewart.kinematics.C = C;
#+end_src
*** =initializeInertialSensor=: Initialize the inertial sensor in each strut
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/initializeInertialSensor.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Geophone - Working Principle
From the schematic of the Z-axis geophone shown in Figure ref:fig:z_axis_geophone, we can write the transfer function from the support velocity $\dot{w}$ to the relative velocity of the inertial mass $\dot{d}$:
\[ \frac{\dot{d}}{\dot{w}} = \frac{-\frac{s^2}{{\omega_0}^2}}{\frac{s^2}{{\omega_0}^2} + 2 \xi \frac{s}{\omega_0} + 1} \]
with:
- $\omega_0 = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}$
- $\xi = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}$
#+name: fig:z_axis_geophone
#+caption: Schematic of a Z-Axis geophone
[[file:figs/inertial_sensor.png]]
We see that at frequencies above $\omega_0$:
\[ \frac{\dot{d}}{\dot{w}} \approx -1 \]
And thus, the measurement of the relative velocity of the mass with respect to its support gives the absolute velocity of the support.
We generally want to have the smallest resonant frequency $\omega_0$ to measure low frequency absolute velocity, however there is a trade-off between $\omega_0$ and the mass of the inertial mass.
**** Accelerometer - Working Principle
From the schematic of the Z-axis accelerometer shown in Figure ref:fig:z_axis_accelerometer, we can write the transfer function from the support acceleration $\ddot{w}$ to the relative position of the inertial mass $d$:
\[ \frac{d}{\ddot{w}} = \frac{-\frac{1}{{\omega_0}^2}}{\frac{s^2}{{\omega_0}^2} + 2 \xi \frac{s}{\omega_0} + 1} \]
with:
- $\omega_0 = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}$
- $\xi = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}$
#+name: fig:z_axis_accelerometer
#+caption: Schematic of a Z-Axis geophone
[[file:figs/inertial_sensor.png]]
We see that at frequencies below $\omega_0$:
\[ \frac{d}{\ddot{w}} \approx -\frac{1}{{\omega_0}^2} \]
And thus, the measurement of the relative displacement of the mass with respect to its support gives the absolute acceleration of the support.
Note that there is trade-off between:
- the highest measurable acceleration $\omega_0$
- the sensitivity of the accelerometer which is equal to $-\frac{1}{{\omega_0}^2}$
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [stewart] = initializeInertialSensor(stewart, args)
% initializeInertialSensor - Initialize the inertial sensor in each strut
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = initializeInertialSensor(args)
%
% Inputs:
% - args - Structure with the following fields:
% - type - 'geophone', 'accelerometer', 'none'
% - mass [1x1] - Weight of the inertial mass [kg]
% - freq [1x1] - Cutoff frequency [Hz]
%
% Outputs:
% - stewart - updated Stewart structure with the added fields:
% - stewart.sensors.inertial
% - type - 1 (geophone), 2 (accelerometer), 3 (none)
% - K [1x1] - Stiffness [N/m]
% - C [1x1] - Damping [N/(m/s)]
% - M [1x1] - Inertial Mass [kg]
% - G [1x1] - Gain
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.type char {mustBeMember(args.type,{'geophone', 'accelerometer', 'none'})} = 'none'
args.mass (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e-2
args.freq (1,1) double {mustBeNumeric, mustBeNonnegative} = 1e3
end
#+end_src
**** Compute the properties of the sensor
#+begin_src matlab
sensor = struct();
switch args.type
case 'geophone'
sensor.type = 1;
sensor.M = args.mass;
sensor.K = sensor.M * (2*pi*args.freq)^2;
sensor.C = 2*sqrt(sensor.M * sensor.K);
case 'accelerometer'
sensor.type = 2;
sensor.M = args.mass;
sensor.K = sensor.M * (2*pi*args.freq)^2;
sensor.C = 2*sqrt(sensor.M * sensor.K);
sensor.G = -sensor.K/sensor.M;
case 'none'
sensor.type = 3;
end
#+end_src
**** Populate the =stewart= structure
#+begin_src matlab
stewart.sensors.inertial = sensor;
#+end_src
*** =inverseKinematics=: Compute Inverse Kinematics
:PROPERTIES:
:header-args:matlab+: :tangle matlab/src/inverseKinematics.m
:header-args:matlab+: :comments none :mkdirp yes :eval no
:END:
**** Theory
For inverse kinematic analysis, it is assumed that the position ${}^A\mathbf{P}$ and orientation of the moving platform ${}^A\mathbf{R}_B$ are given and the problem is to obtain the joint variables, namely, $\mathbf{L} = [l_1, l_2, \dots, l_6]^T$.
From the geometry of the manipulator, the loop closure for each limb, $i = 1, 2, \dots, 6$ can be written as
\begin{align*}
l_i {}^A\hat{\mathbf{s}}_i &= {}^A\mathbf{A} + {}^A\mathbf{b}_i - {}^A\mathbf{a}_i \\
&= {}^A\mathbf{A} + {}^A\mathbf{R}_b {}^B\mathbf{b}_i - {}^A\mathbf{a}_i
\end{align*}
To obtain the length of each actuator and eliminate $\hat{\mathbf{s}}_i$, it is sufficient to dot multiply each side by itself:
\begin{equation}
l_i^2 \left[ {}^A\hat{\mathbf{s}}_i^T {}^A\hat{\mathbf{s}}_i \right] = \left[ {}^A\mathbf{P} + {}^A\mathbf{R}_B {}^B\mathbf{b}_i - {}^A\mathbf{a}_i \right]^T \left[ {}^A\mathbf{P} + {}^A\mathbf{R}_B {}^B\mathbf{b}_i - {}^A\mathbf{a}_i \right]
\end{equation}
Hence, for $i = 1, 2, \dots, 6$, each limb length can be uniquely determined by:
\begin{equation}
l_i = \sqrt{{}^A\mathbf{P}^T {}^A\mathbf{P} + {}^B\mathbf{b}_i^T {}^B\mathbf{b}_i + {}^A\mathbf{a}_i^T {}^A\mathbf{a}_i - 2 {}^A\mathbf{P}^T {}^A\mathbf{a}_i + 2 {}^A\mathbf{P}^T \left[{}^A\mathbf{R}_B {}^B\mathbf{b}_i\right] - 2 \left[{}^A\mathbf{R}_B {}^B\mathbf{b}_i\right]^T {}^A\mathbf{a}_i}
\end{equation}
If the position and orientation of the moving platform lie in the feasible workspace of the manipulator, one unique solution to the limb length is determined by the above equation.
Otherwise, when the limbs' lengths derived yield complex numbers, then the position or orientation of the moving platform is not reachable.
**** Function description
#+begin_src matlab
function [Li, dLi] = inverseKinematics(stewart, args)
% inverseKinematics - Compute the needed length of each strut to have the wanted position and orientation of {B} with respect to {A}
%
% Syntax: [stewart] = inverseKinematics(stewart)
%
% Inputs:
% - stewart - A structure with the following fields
% - geometry.Aa [3x6] - The positions ai expressed in {A}
% - geometry.Bb [3x6] - The positions bi expressed in {B}
% - geometry.l [6x1] - Length of each strut
% - args - Can have the following fields:
% - AP [3x1] - The wanted position of {B} with respect to {A}
% - ARB [3x3] - The rotation matrix that gives the wanted orientation of {B} with respect to {A}
%
% Outputs:
% - Li [6x1] - The 6 needed length of the struts in [m] to have the wanted pose of {B} w.r.t. {A}
% - dLi [6x1] - The 6 needed displacement of the struts from the initial position in [m] to have the wanted pose of {B} w.r.t. {A}
#+end_src
**** Optional Parameters
#+begin_src matlab
arguments
stewart
args.AP (3,1) double {mustBeNumeric} = zeros(3,1)
args.ARB (3,3) double {mustBeNumeric} = eye(3)
end
#+end_src
**** Check the =stewart= structure elements
#+begin_src matlab
assert(isfield(stewart.geometry, 'Aa'), 'stewart.geometry should have attribute Aa')
Aa = stewart.geometry.Aa;
assert(isfield(stewart.geometry, 'Bb'), 'stewart.geometry should have attribute Bb')
Bb = stewart.geometry.Bb;
assert(isfield(stewart.geometry, 'l'), 'stewart.geometry should have attribute l')
l = stewart.geometry.l;
#+end_src
**** Compute
#+begin_src matlab
Li = sqrt(args.AP'*args.AP + diag(Bb'*Bb) + diag(Aa'*Aa) - (2*args.AP'*Aa)' + (2*args.AP'*(args.ARB*Bb))' - diag(2*(args.ARB*Bb)'*Aa));
#+end_src
#+begin_src matlab
dLi = Li-l;
#+end_src
* Footnotes
[fn:12]It was probably caused by rust of the linear guides along its stroke.
[fn:11]A 3-Axis L4C geophone manufactured Sercel was used.
[fn:10]Laser source is manufactured by Agilent (5519b).
[fn:9]The special optics (straightness interferometer and reflector) are manufactured by Agilent (10774A).
[fn:8]C8 capacitive sensors and CPL290 capacitive driver electronics from Lion Precision.
[fn:7]The Spindle Error Analyzer is made by Lion Precision.
[fn:6]The tools presented here are largely taken from [[cite:&taghirad13_paral]].
[fn:5]Rotations are non commutative in 3D.
[fn:4]Ball cage (N501) and guide bush (N550) from Mahr are used.
[fn:3]Modified Zonda Hexapod by Symetrie.
[fn:2]Made by LAB Motion Systems.
[fn:1]HCR 35 A C1, from THK.