Spindle Analysis

Table of Contents

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The report made by the PEL is accessible here.

1 Notes

setup_spindle.png

Figure 1: Measurement setup at the PEL lab

2 Data Processing

2.1 Load Measurement Data

spindle_1rpm_table  = readtable('./data/10turns_1rpm_icepap.txt');
spindle_60rpm_table = readtable('./data/10turns_60rpm_IcepapFIR.txt');

spindle_1rpm_table(1, :)

spindle_1rpm  = table2array(spindle_1rpm_table);
spindle_60rpm = table2array(spindle_60rpm_table);

2.2 Convert Signals from [deg] to [sec]

speed_1rpm = 360/60; % [deg/sec]
spindle_1rpm(:, 1) = spindle_1rpm(:, 2)/speed_1rpm;  % From position [deg] to time [s]

speed_60rpm = 360/1; % [deg/sec]
spindle_60rpm(:, 1) = spindle_60rpm(:, 2)/speed_60rpm; % From position [deg] to time [s]

2.3 Convert Signals

% scaling = 1/80000; % 80 mV/um
scaling = 1e-6; % [um] to [m]

spindle_1rpm(:, 3:end) = scaling*spindle_1rpm(:, 3:end); % [V] to [m]
spindle_1rpm(:, 3:end) = spindle_1rpm(:, 3:end)-mean(spindle_1rpm(:, 3:end)); % Remove mean

spindle_60rpm(:, 3:end) = scaling*spindle_60rpm(:, 3:end); % [V] to [m]
spindle_60rpm(:, 3:end) = spindle_60rpm(:, 3:end)-mean(spindle_60rpm(:, 3:end)); % Remove mean

2.4 Ts and Fs for both measurements

Ts_1rpm = spindle_1rpm(end, 1)/(length(spindle_1rpm(:, 1))-1);
Fs_1rpm = 1/Ts_1rpm;

Ts_60rpm = spindle_60rpm(end, 1)/(length(spindle_60rpm(:, 1))-1);
Fs_60rpm = 1/Ts_60rpm;

2.5 Find Noise of the ADC [m/sqrt(Hz)]

data = spindle_1rpm(:, 5);
dV_1rpm = min(abs(data(1) - data(data ~= data(1))));
noise_1rpm = dV_1rpm/sqrt(12*Fs_1rpm/2);

data = spindle_60rpm(:, 5);
dV_60rpm = min(abs(data(50) - data(data ~= data(50))));
noise_60rpm = dV_60rpm/sqrt(12*Fs_60rpm/2);

2.6 Save all the data under spindle struct

spindle.rpm1.time = spindle_1rpm(:, 1);
spindle.rpm1.deg  = spindle_1rpm(:, 2);
spindle.rpm1.Ts   = Ts_1rpm;
spindle.rpm1.Fs   = 1/Ts_1rpm;
spindle.rpm1.x    = spindle_1rpm(:, 3);
spindle.rpm1.y    = spindle_1rpm(:, 4);
spindle.rpm1.z    = spindle_1rpm(:, 5);
spindle.rpm1.adcn = noise_1rpm;

spindle.rpm60.time = spindle_60rpm(:, 1);
spindle.rpm60.deg  = spindle_60rpm(:, 2);
spindle.rpm60.Ts   = Ts_60rpm;
spindle.rpm60.Fs   = 1/Ts_60rpm;
spindle.rpm60.x    = spindle_60rpm(:, 3);
spindle.rpm60.y    = spindle_60rpm(:, 4);
spindle.rpm60.z    = spindle_60rpm(:, 5);
spindle.rpm60.adcn = noise_60rpm;

2.7 Compute Asynchronous data

for direction = {'x', 'y', 'z'}
    spindle.rpm1.([direction{1}, 'async']) = getAsynchronousError(spindle.rpm1.(direction{1}), 10);
    spindle.rpm60.([direction{1}, 'async']) = getAsynchronousError(spindle.rpm60.(direction{1}), 10);
end

3 Time Domain Data

3.1 Plot X-Y-Z position with respect to Time - 1rpm

figure;
hold on;
plot(spindle.rpm1.time, spindle.rpm1.x);
plot(spindle.rpm1.time, spindle.rpm1.y);
plot(spindle.rpm1.time, spindle.rpm1.z);
hold off;
xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Amplitude [m]');
legend({'tx - 1rpm', 'ty - 1rpm', 'tz - 1rpm'});

spindle_xyz_1rpm.png

Figure 2: Raw time domain translation - 1rpm

3.2 Plot X-Y-Z position with respect to Time - 60rpm

The measurements for the spindle turning at 60rpm are shown figure 3. 

figure;
hold on;
plot(spindle.rpm60.time, spindle.rpm60.x);
plot(spindle.rpm60.time, spindle.rpm60.y);
plot(spindle.rpm60.time, spindle.rpm60.z);
hold off;
xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Amplitude [m]');
legend({'tx - 60rpm', 'ty - 60rpm', 'tz - 60rpm'});

spindle_xyz_60rpm.png

Figure 3: Raw time domain translation - 60rpm

3.3 Plot Synchronous and Asynchronous - 1rpm

figure;
hold on;
plot(spindle.rpm1.time, spindle.rpm1.x);
plot(spindle.rpm1.time, spindle.rpm1.xasync);
hold off;
xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Amplitude [m]');
legend({'tx - 1rpm - Sync', 'tx - 1rpm - Async'});

spindle_1rpm_sync_async.png

Figure 4: Comparison of the synchronous and asynchronous displacements - 1rpm

3.4 Plot Synchronous and Asynchronous - 60rpm

The data is split into its Synchronous and Asynchronous part (figure 5). We then use the Asynchronous part for the analysis in the following sections as we suppose that we can deal with the synchronous part with feedforward control. 

figure;
hold on;
plot(spindle.rpm60.time, spindle.rpm60.x);
plot(spindle.rpm60.time, spindle.rpm60.xasync);
hold off;
xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Amplitude [m]');
legend({'tx - 60rpm - Sync', 'tx - 60rpm - Async'});

spindle_60rpm_sync_async.png

Figure 5: Comparison of the synchronous and asynchronous displacements - 60rpm

3.5 Plot X against Y

figure;
hold on;
plot(spindle.rpm1.x, spindle.rpm1.y);
plot(spindle.rpm60.x, spindle.rpm60.y);
hold off;
xlabel('X Amplitude [m]'); ylabel('Y Amplitude [m]');
legend({'1rpm', '60rpm'});

spindle_xy_1_60rpm.png

Figure 6: Synchronous x-y displacement

3.6 Plot X against Y - Asynchronous

figure;
hold on;
plot(spindle.rpm1.xasync, spindle.rpm1.yasync);
plot(spindle.rpm60.xasync, spindle.rpm60.yasync);
hold off;
xlabel('X Amplitude [m]'); ylabel('Y Amplitude [m]');
legend({'1rpm', '60rpm'});

spindle_xy_1_60_rpm_async.png

Figure 7: Asynchronous x-y displacement

4 Model of the spindle

The model of the spindle used is shown figure 8.

\(f\) is the perturbation force of the spindle and \(d\) is the measured displacement.

uniaxial-model-spindle.png

Figure 8: Model of the Spindle

4.1 Parameters

mg = 3000; % Mass of granite [kg]
ms = 50;   % Mass of Spindle [kg]

kg = 1e8; % Stiffness of granite [N/m]
ks = 5e7; % Stiffness of spindle [N/m]

4.2 Compute Mass and Stiffness Matrices

Mm = diag([ms, mg]);
Km = diag([ks, ks+kg]) - diag(ks, -1) - diag(ks, 1);

4.3 Compute resonance frequencies

A = [zeros(size(Mm)) eye(size(Mm)) ; -Mm\Km zeros(size(Mm))];
eigA = imag(eigs(A))/2/pi;
eigA = eigA(eigA>0);
eigA = eigA(1:2);

4.4 From modeldamping compute the Damping Matrix

modal_damping = 1e-5;

ab = [0.5*eigA(1) 0.5/eigA(1) ; 0.5*eigA(2) 0.5/eigA(2)]\[modal_damping ; modal_damping];

Cm = ab(1)*Mm +ab(2)*Km;

4.5 Define inputs, outputs and state names

StateName = {...
    'xs', ... % Displacement of Spindle [m]
    'xg', ... % Displacement of Granite [m]
    'vs', ... % Velocity of Spindle [m]
    'vg', ... % Velocity of Granite [m]
            };
StateUnit = {'m', 'm', 'm/s', 'm/s'};

InputName = {...
    'f' ... % Spindle Force [N]
            };
InputUnit = {'N'};

OutputName = {...
    'd' ... % Displacement [m]
             };
OutputUnit = {'m'};

4.6 Define A, B and C matrices

% A Matrix
A = [zeros(size(Mm)) eye(size(Mm)) ; ...
     -Mm\Km          -Mm\Cm];

% B Matrix
B_low = zeros(length(StateName), length(InputName));
B_low(strcmp(StateName,'vs'), strcmp(InputName,'f')) =  1;
B_low(strcmp(StateName,'vg'), strcmp(InputName,'f')) = -1;
B = blkdiag(zeros(length(StateName)/2), pinv(Mm))*B_low;

% C Matrix
C = zeros(length(OutputName), length(StateName));
C(strcmp(OutputName,'d'), strcmp(StateName,'xs')) =  1;
C(strcmp(OutputName,'d'), strcmp(StateName,'xg')) = -1;

% D Matrix
D = zeros(length(OutputName), length(InputName));

4.7 Generate the State Space Model

sys = ss(A, B, C, D);
sys.StateName = StateName;
sys.StateUnit = StateUnit;

sys.InputName = InputName;
sys.InputUnit = InputUnit;

sys.OutputName = OutputName;
sys.OutputUnit = OutputUnit;

4.8 Bode Plot

The transfer function from a disturbance force \(f\) to the measured displacement \(d\) is shown figure 9. 

freqs = logspace(-1, 3, 1000);

figure;
plot(freqs, abs(squeeze(freqresp(sys('d', 'f'), freqs, 'Hz'))));
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('Amplitude [m/N]');

spindle_f_to_d.png

Figure 9: Bode plot of the transfer function from \(f\) to \(d\)

5 Power Spectral Density

5.1 Compute the PSD

n_av = 4; % Number of average

[pxx_1rpm, f_1rpm] = pwelch(spindle.rpm1.xasync, hanning(ceil(length(spindle.rpm1.xasync)/n_av)), [], [], spindle.rpm1.Fs);
[pyy_1rpm, ~]      = pwelch(spindle.rpm1.yasync, hanning(ceil(length(spindle.rpm1.yasync)/n_av)), [], [], spindle.rpm1.Fs);
[pzz_1rpm, ~]      = pwelch(spindle.rpm1.zasync, hanning(ceil(length(spindle.rpm1.zasync)/n_av)), [], [], spindle.rpm1.Fs);

[pxx_60rpm, f_60rpm] = pwelch(spindle.rpm60.xasync, hanning(ceil(length(spindle.rpm60.xasync)/n_av)), [], [], spindle.rpm60.Fs);
[pyy_60rpm, ~]       = pwelch(spindle.rpm60.yasync, hanning(ceil(length(spindle.rpm60.yasync)/n_av)), [], [], spindle.rpm60.Fs);
[pzz_60rpm, ~]       = pwelch(spindle.rpm60.zasync, hanning(ceil(length(spindle.rpm60.zasync)/n_av)), [], [], spindle.rpm60.Fs);

5.2 Plot the computed PSD

The Amplitude Spectral Densities of the displacement of the spindle for the \(x\), \(y\) and \(z\) directions are shown figure 11. They correspond to the Asynchronous part shown figure 5. 

figure;
hold on;
plot(f_1rpm, (pxx_1rpm).^.5, 'DisplayName', '$P_{xx}$ - 1rpm');
plot(f_1rpm, (pyy_1rpm).^.5, 'DisplayName', '$P_{yy}$ - 1rpm');
plot(f_1rpm, (pzz_1rpm).^.5, 'DisplayName', '$P_{zz}$ - 1rpm');
% plot(f_1rpm, spindle.rpm1.adcn*ones(size(f_1rpm)), '--k', 'DisplayName', 'ADC - 1rpm');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('ASD [$m/\sqrt{Hz}$]');
legend('Location', 'northeast');
xlim([f_1rpm(2), f_1rpm(end)]);

spindle_psd_xyz_1rpm.png

Figure 10: Power spectral density of the Asynchronous displacement - 1rpm

figure;
hold on;
plot(f_60rpm, (pxx_60rpm).^.5, 'DisplayName', '$P_{xx}$ - 60rpm');
plot(f_60rpm, (pyy_60rpm).^.5, 'DisplayName', '$P_{yy}$ - 60rpm');
plot(f_60rpm, (pzz_60rpm).^.5, 'DisplayName', '$P_{zz}$ - 60rpm');
% plot(f_60rpm, spindle.rpm60.adcn*ones(size(f_60rpm)), '--k', 'DisplayName', 'ADC - 60rpm');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('ASD [$m/\sqrt{Hz}$]');
legend('Location', 'northeast');
xlim([f_60rpm(2), f_60rpm(end)]);

spindle_psd_xyz_60rpm.png

Figure 11: Power spectral density of the Asynchronous displacement - 60rpm

5.3 Load the model of the spindle

load('./mat/spindle_model.mat', 'sys');
Tfd = abs(squeeze(freqresp(sys('d', 'f'), f_60rpm, 'Hz')));

5.4 Plot the PSD of the Force using the model

figure;
plot(f_60rpm, (pxx_60rpm.^.5)./Tfd, 'DisplayName', '$P_{xx}$');
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('ASD [$N/\sqrt{Hz}$]');
xlim([f_60rpm(2), f_60rpm(end)]);

spindle_psd_f_60rpm.png

Figure 12: Power spectral density of the force - 60rpm

5.5 Estimated Shape of the PSD of the force

s = tf('s');

Wd_simple = 1e-8/(1+s/2/pi/0.5)/(1+s/2/pi/100);
Wf_simple = Wd_simple/tf(sys('d', 'f'));
TWf_simple = abs(squeeze(freqresp(Wf_simple, f_60rpm, 'Hz')));

% Wf = 0.48902*(s+327.9)*(s^2 + 109.6*s + 1.687e04)/((s^2 + 30.59*s + 8541)*(s^2 + 29.11*s + 3.268e04));
% Wf = 0.15788*(s+418.6)*(s+1697)^2*(s^2 + 124.3*s + 2.529e04)*(s^2 + 681.3*s + 9.018e05)/((s^2 + 23.03*s + 8916)*(s^2 + 33.85*s + 6.559e04)*(s^2 + 71.43*s + 4.283e05)*(s^2 + 40.64*s + 1.789e06));

Wf = (s+1697)^2*(s^2 + 114.5*s + 2.278e04)*(s^2 + 205.1*s + 1.627e05)*(s^2 + 285.8*s + 8.624e05)*(s+100)/((s+0.5)*3012*(s^2 + 23.03*s + 8916)*(s^2 + 17.07*s + 4.798e04)*(s^2 + 41.17*s + 4.347e05)*(s^2 + 78.99*s + 1.789e06));

TWf = abs(squeeze(freqresp(Wf, f_60rpm, 'Hz')));

5.6 PSD in [N]

Above \(200Hz\), the Amplitude Spectral Density seems dominated by noise coming from the electronics (charge amplifier, ADC, …). So we don't know what is the frequency content of the force above that frequency. However, we assume that \(P_{xx}\) is decreasing with \(1/f\) as it seems so be the case below \(100Hz\) (figure 11).

We then fit the PSD of the displacement with a transfer function (figure 14). 

figure;
hold on;
plot(f_60rpm, (pxx_60rpm.^.5)./Tfd, 'DisplayName', '$\sqrt{P_{xx}}/|T_{d/f}|$');
plot(f_60rpm, TWf, 'DisplayName', 'Wf');
plot(f_60rpm, TWf_simple, '-k', 'DisplayName', 'Wfs');
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('ASD [$N/\sqrt{Hz}$]');
xlim([f_60rpm(2), f_60rpm(end)]);
legend('Location', 'northeast');

spindle_psd_f_comp_60rpm.png

Figure 13: Power spectral density of the force - 60rpm

5.7 PSD in [m]

To obtain the PSD of the force \(f\) that induce such displacement, we use the following formula: \[ \sqrt{PSD(d)} = |T_{d/f}| \sqrt{PSD(f)} \]

And so we have: \[ \sqrt{PSD(f)} = |T_{d/f}|^{-1} \sqrt{PSD(d)} \]

The obtain Power Spectral Density of the force is displayed figure 13. 

figure;
hold on;
plot(f_60rpm, pxx_60rpm.^.5, 'DisplayName', '$\sqrt{P_{xx}}$');
plot(f_60rpm, TWf.*Tfd, 'DisplayName', '$|W_f|*|T_{d/f}|$');
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log'); set(gca, 'YScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('ASD [$m/\sqrt{Hz}$]');
xlim([f_60rpm(2), f_60rpm(end)]);
legend('Location', 'northeast');

spindle_psd_d_comp_60rpm.png

Figure 14: Comparison of the power spectral density of the measured displacement and of the model

5.8 Compute the resulting RMS value [m]

figure;
hold on;
plot(f_60rpm, 1e9*cumtrapz(f_60rpm, (pxx_60rpm)).^.5, '--', 'DisplayName', 'Exp. Data');
plot(f_60rpm, 1e9*cumtrapz(f_60rpm, ((TWf.*Tfd).^2)).^.5, '--', 'DisplayName', 'Estimated');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('CPS [$nm$ rms]');
xlim([f_60rpm(2), f_60rpm(end)]);
legend('Location', 'southeast');

spindle_cps_d_comp_60rpm.png

Figure 15: Cumulative Power Spectrum - 60rpm

5.9 Compute the resulting RMS value [m]

figure;
hold on;
plot(f_1rpm, 1e9*cumtrapz(f_1rpm, (pxx_1rpm)), '--', 'DisplayName', 'Exp. Data');
plot(f_1rpm, 1e9*(f_1rpm(end)-f_1rpm(1))/(length(f_1rpm)-1)*cumsum(pxx_1rpm), '--', 'DisplayName', 'Exp. Data');
hold off;
set(gca, 'XScale', 'log');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel('CPS [$nm$ rms]');
xlim([f_1rpm(2), f_1rpm(end)]);
legend('Location', 'southeast');

spindle_cps_d_comp_1rpm.png

Figure 16: Cumulative Power Spectrum - 1rpm

6 Functions

6.1 getAsynchronousError

function [Wxdec] = getAsynchronousError(data, NbTurn)
%%
    L = length(data);
    res_per_rev = L/NbTurn;

    P = 0:(res_per_rev*NbTurn-1);
    Pos = P' * 360/res_per_rev;

    % Temperature correction
    x1 = myfit2(Pos, data);

    % Convert data to frequency domain and scale accordingly
    X2 = 2/(res_per_rev*NbTurn)*fft(x1);
    f2 = (0:L-1)./NbTurn; %upr -> once per revolution

    %%
    X2dec = zeros(size(X2));
    % Get only the non integer data
    X2dec(mod(f2(:), 1) ~= 0) = X2(mod(f2(:), 1) ~= 0);

    Wxdec = real((res_per_rev*NbTurn)/2 * ifft(X2dec));

    %%
    function Y =  myfit2(x,y)
        A = [x ones(size(x))]\y;
        a = A(1); b = A(2);
        Y = y - (a*x + b);
    end
end

Author: Thomas Dehaeze

Created: 2019-03-20 mer. 15:17

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