diff --git a/content/zettels/heat_transfer.md b/content/zettels/heat_transfer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97b793c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/zettels/heat_transfer.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ ++++ +title = "Heat Transfer" +author = ["Dehaeze Thomas"] +draft = false ++++ + +Tags +: + + +## Conduction (diffusion) {#conduction--diffusion} + +The _conduction_ corresponds to the heat transfer \\(P\\) (in watt) through molecular agitation within a material and is specified with: +\\[ P = \frac{\lambda \cdot A \cdot \Delta T}{L} \quad [W] \\] +with: + +- \\(\lambda\\) the thermal conductivity in \\([W/m \cdot K]\\) +- \\(A\\) the surface area in \\([m^2]\\) +- \\(\Delta T\\) the temperature difference in \\([K]\\) +- \\(L\\) the length of the barrier in \\([m]\\) + + +## Convection {#convection} + +The convection corresponds to the heat transfer through flow of a fluid. +It can be either _natural_ or _forced_. + +The _forced convection_ \\(P\\) (in watt) can be described with: +\\[ P = h A (T\_0 - T\_f) \quad [W] \\] +with: + +- \\(h\\) the convection heat transfer coefficient in \\([W/m^2 \cdot K]\\). + \\(h \approx 10.5 - v + 10\sqrt{v}\\) with \\(v\\) the velocity of the object through the fluid in \\([m/s]\\) +- \\(A\\) the surface area in \\([m^2]\\) +- \\(T\_0\\) the temperature of the object in \\([K]\\) +- \\(T\_f\\) the temperature of the convecting fluid in \\([K]\\) + +Note that clean-room air flow should be considered as forced convection. + + +## Radiation {#radiation} + +_Radiation_ corresponds to the heat transfer \\(P\\) (in watt) through the emission of electromagnetic waves from the emitter to its surroundings is: +\\[ P = \epsilon \cdot \sigma \cdot A \cdot (T\_r^4 - T\_s^4) \\] +with: + +- \\(\epsilon\\) the emissivity which corresponds to the ability of a surface to emit energy through radiation relative to a black body surface at equal temperature. + It is between 0 (no emissivity) and 1 (maximum emissivity) +- \\(\sigma\\) the Stefan-Boltzmann constant: \\(\sigma = 5.67 \cdot 10^{-8} \\, \frac{W}{m^2 K^4}\\) +- \\(A\\) the surface in \\([m^2]\\) +- \\(T\_r\\) the temperature of the emitter in \\([K]\\) +- \\(T\_s\\) the temperature of the surrounding in \\([K]\\) + +The emissivity of materials highly depend on the surface finish (the more polished, the lower the emissivity). +Some examples are given in . + + +
+ Table 1: + Some examples of emissivity (specified at 25 degrees) +
+ +| Substance | Emissivity | +|----------------------------|------------| +| Silver (polished) | 0.005 | +| Silver (oxidized) | 0.04 | +| Stainless Steel (polished) | 0.02 | +| Aluminium (polished) | 0.02 | +| Aluminium (oxidized) | 0.2 | +| Aluminium (anodized) | 0.9 | +| Copper (polished) | 0.03 | +| Copper (oxidized) | 0.87 | + +
+ +Let's take a polished aluminum plate (20 by 20 cm) at 125K (temperature of zero thermal expansion coefficient of silicon) surrounded by elements are 25 degrees (300 K): +\\[ P = \epsilon \cdot \sigma \cdot A \cdot (T\_r^4 - T\_s^4) = 0.36\\, J \\] + +
+ + +## Heat {#heat} + +The _heat_ \\(Q\\) (in Joules) corresponds to the energy necessary to change the temperature of the mass with a certain material specific heat capacity: +\\[ Q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T \\] +with: + +- \\(m\\) the mass in \\([kg]\\) +- \\(c\\) the specific heat capacity in \\([J/kg \cdot K]\\) +- \\(\Delta T\\) the temperature different \\([K]\\) + +
+ +Let's compute the heat (i.e. energy) necessary to increase a 1kg granite by 1 degree. +The specific heat capacity of granite is \\(c = 790\\,[J/kg\cdot K]\\). +The required heat is then: +\\[ Q = m\cdot c \cdot \Delta T = 790 \\,J \\] + +
+ + +
+ Table 2: + Some examples of specific heat capacity +
+ +| Substance | Specific heat capacity [J/kg.K] | +|---------------------|---------------------------------| +| Air | 1012 | +| Aluminium | 897 | +| Copper | 385 | +| Granite | 790 | +| Steel | 466 | +| Water at 25 degrees | 4182 | + + +## Heat flow {#heat-flow} + +The heat flow \\(P\\) (in watt) is the derivative of the heat: +\\[ P = \cdot{Q} = \frac{dQ}{dt} = \frac{dT}{R\_T} = C\_T \cdot dT \\] +with: + +- \\(Q\\) the heat in [W] +- \\(R\_T\\) the thermal resistance in \\([K/W]\\) +- \\(C\_T\\) the thermal conductance in \\([W/K]\\) + + +## Bibliography {#bibliography} + +
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